The above lectures are a compilation of work based on notes and slides from Greg Hager, G. Ayorkor Mills-Tetty, Hyungpil Moon, Zack Dodds, Nancy Amato, Steven Lavalle, Seth Hutchinson, George Kantor, Dieter Fox, Vincent Lee-Shue Jr., Prasad Narendra Atkar, Kevin Tantiseviand, Bernice Ma, David Conner, and other members of previous versions of this class. I want to especially thank Greg Hager and Ji Yeong Lee for their help in supplying template slides and figures.