11-721: Grammars and Lexicons Fall Term 2002 Some English rules and lexical entries ========================================================= Annotated Phrase Structure Rules ^ is up arrow. | is down arrow. Grammatical sentences (listed below) should succeed. Ungrammatical sentences should fail. Constraints: Check only; don't unify (f a) =c v true if (a v) is in f (f a) ~= v true if a is not in f true if a is in f with value other than v (f a) true if a is in f with a non-null value Disjunctions: Solve the f-structure using both disjuncts. If both succeed, then the sentence is ambiguous. If both fail, the sentence is ungrammatical. If one succeeds, the sentence has one successful parse. ========================================================= Subject-Verb Agreement Sam goes. *Sam go. The cat lives in the forest. *The cat live in the forest. Determiner-Noun Agreement That cat *That cats A cat *A cats Those cats *Those cat Nominative and accusative pronouns I saw him. *Me saw him. She saw me. *She saw I. Finite main verb He goes. *He go. *He to go. Prepositional Phrases He lives in the forest. He went to school. Completeness and Coherence (Subcategorization) These well-formedness conditions are not implemented in the grammar. So it will be possible to build f-structures for sentences with subcategorization violations. After the f-structure is built, the sentences will fail because of a violation of Completeness (missing an argument) or Coherence (extra argument). Sam devoured the sandwich. *Sam devoured. *Sam devoured in the forest. Sam lives in the forest. Sam ate the sandwich. Sam ate. Sam goes. Sam goes to school. Tensed complement clauses It seems that Sam went to school. I believe that Sam went to school. I decided that Sam went to school. I persuaded Sam that the cat lives in the forest. *I persuaded Sam to the cat lives in the forest. *I persuaded Sam that the cat live in the forest. Infinitival complement clauses The cat seems to live in the forest. I believe the cat to live in the forest. The cat decided to live in the forest. I persuaded the cat to live in the forest. *The cat seems live in the forest. *The cat decided live in the forest. *The cat seems to lives in the forest. ======================================================== Rule 1: S --> NP VP (^ SUBJ)=| ^=| (| CASE) = nom (^ VFORM) =c fin ---------------------------------------------------------- Rule 2: VP --> V ^=| ---------------------------------------------------------- Rule 3: VP --> V NP ^=| (^ OBJ)=| (| CASE) = acc --------------------------------------------------------- Rule 4: VP --> V PP ^=| (^(| CASE))=| --------------------------------------------------------- Rule 5: VP --> V NP PP ^=| (^ OBJ)=| (^(| CASE))=| (| CASE) = acc --------------------------------------------------------- Rule 6: VP --> V NP NP ^=| (^ OBJ)=| (^ OBJ2) = | (| CASE) = acc ---------------------------------------------------------- Rule 7: VP --> V CP ^=| (^ COMP)=| --------------------------------------------------------- Rule 8: VP --> V NP CP ^=| (^ OBJ)=| (^ COMP)=| --------------------------------------------------------- Rule 9: VP --> V IP ^=| (^ XCOMP)=| --------------------------------------------------------- Rule 10: VP --> V NP IP ^=| (^ OBJ)=| (^ XCOMP)=| -------------------------------------------------------- Rule 11: C' --> C S ^=| ^=| --------------------------------------------------------- Rule 12: IP --> I' ^=| -------------------------------------------------------- Rule 13: I' --> I VP ^=| ^=| --------------------------------------------------------- Rule 14: NP --> (DET) N-1 ^=| ^=| --------------------------------------------------------- Rule 15: N-1 --> N ^=| --------------------------------------------------------- Rule 16: PP --> P (NP) ^=| (^ OBJ)=| (| CASE) = acc ========================================================= Lexicon ========================================================= a DET (^ NUM) = sg (^ DEF) = - -------------------------------------------------------- ate V (^ PRED) = `eat< SUBJ OBJ >' (^ VFORM) = fin (^ TENSE) = past -------------------------------------------------------- ate V (^ PRED) = `eat< SUBJ >' (^ VFORM) = fin (^ TENSE) = past -------------------------------------------------------- bag N (^ PRED) = `bag' (^ PERS) = 3 ------------------------------------------------------ believe V (^ PRED) = `believe< SUBJ COMP >' ------------------------------------------------------ believe V (^ PRED) = `believe< SUBJ XCOMP >OBJ' (^ OBJ) = (^ XCOMP SUBJ) (^ XCOMP COMPL) =c to ------------------------------------------------------ cat N (^ PRED) = `cat' (^ PERS) = 3 ------------------------------------------------------- decide V (^ PRED) = `decide< SUBJ XCOMP >' (^ SUBJ) = (^ XCOMP SUBJ) (^ XCOMP COMPL) =c to -------------------------------------------------------- decide-2 V (^ PRED) = `decide< SUBJ COMP >' -------------------------------------------------------- devour V (^ PRED) = `devour< SUBJ OBJ >' ------------------------------------------------------- doctor N (^ PRED) = doctor (^ PERS) = 3 ------------------------------------------------------ eat V (^ PRED) = `eat< SUBJ >' ------------------------------------------------------- eat V (^ PRED) = `eat< SUBJ OBJ >' ------------------------------------------------------- examine V (^ PRED) = `examine< SUBJ OBJ >' -------------------------------------------------------- forest N (^ PRED) = `forest' -------------------------------------------------------- go V (^ PRED) = `go< SUBJ >' -------------------------------------------------------- go V (^ PRED) = `go< SUBJ OBL-goal>' -------------------------------------------------------- hand V (^ PRED) = `hand< SUBJ OBJ OBL-goal>' -------------------------------------------------------- hand V (^ PRED) = `hand< SUBJ OBJ OBJ2 >' ---------------------------------------------------------- he N (^ PRED) = `pro' (^ CASE) = nom (^ NUM) = sg (^ PERS) = 3 (^ GENDER) = masc ---------------------------------------------------------- her N (^ PRED) = `pro' (^ CASE) = acc (^ NUM) = sg (^ PERS) = 3 (^ GENDER) = fem ---------------------------------------------------------- him N (^ PRED) = `pro' (^ CASE) = acc (^ NUM) = sg (^ PERS) = 3 (^ GENDER) = masc -------------------------------------------------------- house N (^ PRED) = `house' ---------------------------------------------------------- I N (^ PRED) = `pro' (^ CASE) = nom (^ NUM) = sg (^ PERS) = 1 ---------------------------------------------------------- in P (^ PRED) = `in < OBJ >' (^ CASE) = OBL-loc ---------------------------------------------------------- it N (^ PRED) = `pro' (^ NUM) = sg (^ PERS) = 3 ---------------------------------------------------------- it-2 N (^ FORM) = it ----------------------------------------------------------- live V (^ PRED) = `live< SUBJ OBL-loc >' ------------------------------------------------------ persuade V (^ PRED) = `perusade< SUBJ OBJ COMP >' ------------------------------------------------------- persuade V (^ PRED) = `perusade< SUBJ OBJ XCOMP >' (^ OBJ) = (^ XCOMP SUBJ) (^ XCOMP COMPL) =c to ---------------------------------------------------------- Sam N (^ PRED) = `sam' (^ NUM) = sg (^ PERS) = 3 --------------------------------------------------------- sandwich N (^ PRED) = sandwich (^ PERS) = 3 -------------------------------------------------------- saw V (^ PRED) = `see< SUBJ OBJ >' (^ VFORM) = fin (^ TENSE) = past -------------------------------------------------------- school N (^ PRED) = `school' ------------------------------------------------------- see V (^ PRED) = `see< SUBJ OBJ >' ---------------------------------------------------------- seem V (^ PRED) = `seem< XCOMP >SUBJ' (^ SUBJ) = (^ XCOMP SUBJ) (^ XCOMP COMPL) =c to ------------------------------------------------------- seem-2 V (^ PRED) = `seem< COMP >SUBJ' (^ SUBJ FORM) =c it -------------------------------------------------------- she N (^ PRED) = `pro' (^ CASE) = nom (^ NUM) = sg (^ PERS) = 3 (^ GENDER) = fem -------------------------------------------------------- that N (^ PRED) = `pro' (^ NUM) = sg (^ PERS) = 3 (^ PROX) = far -------------------------------------------------------- that-2 DET (^ DEF) = + (^ NUM) = sg (^ PROX) = far -------------------------------------------------------- that-3 C (^ TENSE) -------------------------------------------------------- the DET (^ DEF) = + ------------------------------------------------------- this DET (^ DEF) = + (^ NUM) = sg (^ PROX) = near -------------------------------------------------------- this N (^ PRED) = `pro' (^ NUM) = sg (^ PERS) = 3 (^ PROX) = near -------------------------------------------------------- them N (^ PRED) = `pro' (^ NUM) = pl (^ PERS) = 3 (^ CASE) = acc -------------------------------------------------------- these DET (^ DEF) = + (^ NUM) = pl (^ PROX) = near -------------------------------------------------------- these N (^ PRED) = `pro' (^ NUM) = pl (^ PERS) = 3 (^ PROX) = near -------------------------------------------------------- they N (^ PRED) = `pro' (^ NUM) = pl (^ PERS) = 3 (^ CASE) = nom -------------------------------------------------------- those DET (^ DEF) = + (^ NUM) = pl (^ PROX) = far -------------------------------------------------------- those N (^ PRED) = `pro' (^ PERS) = 3 (^ NUM) = sg (^ PROX) = far -------------------------------------------------------- to P (^ PRED) = `to< OBJ >' (^ CASE) = OBL-goal -------------------------------------------------------- to-2 I (^ VFORM) = inf (^ COMPL) = to --------------------------------------------------------- try V (^ PRED) = `try< SUBJ XCOMP >' (^ SUBJ) = (^ XCOMP SUBJ) (^ XCOMP COMPL) =c to -------------------------------------------------------- us N (^ PRED) = `pro' (^ PERS) = 1 (^ NUM) = pl (^ CASE) = acc -------------------------------------------------------- we N (^ PRED) = `pro' (^ PERS) = 1 (^ NUM) = pl (^ CASE) = nom ------------------------------------------------------- went V (^ PRED) = `go < SUBJ >' (^ TENSE) = past (^ VFORM) = fin ------------------------------------------------------- went V (^ PRED) = `go< SUBJ OBL-goal>' (^ TENSE) = past (^ VFORM) = fin ------------------------------------------------------- you N (^ PRED) = `pro' (^ PERS) = 2 (^ NUM) = sg ------------------------------------------------------- you N (^ PRED) = `pro' (^ PERS) = 2 (^ NUM) = pl ========================================================= Suffixes ========================================================= null suffix for nouns (^ NUM) = sg --------------------------------------------------------- -s for nouns (^ NUM) = pl --------------------------------------------------------- null suffix for verbs (^ TENSE) = pres {(^ SUBJ NUM) ~= sg | (^ SUBJ PERS) ~= 3} (^ VFORM) = fin ---------------------------------------------------------- null suffix for verbs (^ VFORM) = inf ---------------------------------------------------------- -s suffix for verbs (^ SUBJ NUM) = sg (^ SUBJ PERS) = 3 (^ TENSE) = pres (^ VFORM) = fin ---------------------------------------------------------- -ed suffix for verbs (^ TENSE) = past (^ VFORM) = fin ----------------------------------------------------------