11-721: Grammars and Lexicons
Fall Term 2001
Some English rules and lexical entries
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Annotated Phrase Structure Rules
^ is up arrow.
| is down arrow.
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Rule 1:
S --> NP VP
(^ SUBJ)=| ^=|
(^ VFORM) =c fin
----------------------------------------------------------
Rule 2:
VP --> V
^=|
----------------------------------------------------------
Rule 3:
VP --> V NP
^=| (^ OBJ)=|
----------------------------------------------------------
Rule 4:
VP --> V CP
^=| (^ COMP)=|
---------------------------------------------------------
Rule 4a:
VP --> V NP CP
^=| (^ OBJ)=| (^ COMP)=|
---------------------------------------------------------
Rule 5:
VP --> V IP
^=| (^ XCOMP)=|
---------------------------------------------------------
Rule 5a:
VP --> V NP IP
^=| (^ OBJ)=| (^ XCOMP)=|
---------------------------------------------------------
Rule 5b:
VP --> V VP
^=| (^ XCOMP)=|
---------------------------------------------------------
Rule 5c:
VP --> V NP VP
^=| (^ OBJ)=| (^ XCOMP)=|
--------------------------------------------------------
Rule 6:
C' --> C S
^=| ^=|
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Rule 7:
IP --> I'
^=|
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Rule 8:
I' --> I VP
^=| ^=|
---------------------------------------------------------
Rule 9:
NP --> (DET) N-1
^=| ^=|
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Rule 9a:
N-1 --> N
^=|
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Rule 10:
PP --> P (NP)
^=| (^ OBJ)=|
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Rule 11:
VP --> V PP
^=| (^(| CASE))=|
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Rule 11a:
VP --> V NP PP
^=| (^ OBJ)=| (^(| CASE))=|
---------------------------------------------------------
Rule 12:
CP --> NP C'
(^ {COMP|XCOMP}* ^=|
{SUBJ|OBJ|OBL OBJ})=|
(^ FOCUS) = |
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Rule 12a:
CP --> C'
^=|
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Rule 13:
C' --> C S
^=| (^ XCOMP)=|
(Note: Here we have proposed an XCOMP that contains a subject.)
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Rule 14:
S --> NP VP
(| Q)=c+ ^=|
(^ SUBJ)=|
(^ FOCUS)=|
=========================================================
Lexicon
=========================================================
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a DET
(^ NUM) = sg
(^ DEF) = -
--------------------------------------------------------
ate V
(^ PRED) = `eat< SUBJ OBJ >'
(^ VFORM) = fin
(^ TENSE) = past
--------------------------------------------------------
ate V
(^ PRED) = `eat< SUBJ >'
(^ VFORM) = fin
(^ TENSE) = past
--------------------------------------------------------
***not covered in class***
bag-1 N
(^ FORM) = bag
(^ DEF) =c +
--------------------------------------------------------
bag-2 N
(^ PRED) = `bag'
(^ NUM) = sg
(^ PERS) = 3
--------------------------------------------------------
be-1 V, C
(^ PRED) = `be< XCOMP >SUBJ'
(^ SUBJ) = (^ XCOMP SUBJ)
(^ XCOMP VFORM) = prespart
(^ VFORM) = INF
(^ AUX) = +
-------------------------------------------------------
be-2 V, C
(^ PRED) = `be< XCOMP >SUBJ'
(^ SUBJ) = (^ XCOMP SUBJ)
(^ XCOMP VOICE) =c passive
(^ VFORM) = inf
(^ AUX) = +
--------------------------------------------------------
***not covered in class***
be-3 V, C
(^ PRED) = `there-be< XCOMP >OBJ SUBJ'
(^ OBJ) = (^ XCOMP SUBJ)
(^ XCOMP VFORM) = prespart
(^ SUBJ FORM) =c there
(^ OBJ NUM) = (^ SUBJ NUM)
(^ OBJ PERS) = (^ SUBJ PERS)
(^ VFORM) = INF
(^ AUX) = +
--------------------------------------------------------
been-1 V, C
(^ PRED) = `be< XCOMP >SUBJ'
(^ SUBJ) = (^ XCOMP SUBJ)
(^ XCOMP VFORM) = prespart
(^ VFORM) = pastpart
(^ AUX) = +
-------------------------------------------------------
been-2 V, C
(^ PRED) = `be< XCOMP >SUBJ'
(^ SUBJ) = (^ XCOMP SUBJ)
(^ XCOMP VOICE) =c passive
(^ VFORM) = pastpart
(^ AUX) = +
--------------------------------------------------------
***not covered in class***
been-3 V, C
(^ PRED) = `there-be< XCOMP >OBJ SUBJ'
(^ OBJ) = (^ XCOMP SUBJ)
(^ XCOMP VFORM) = prespart
(^ SUBJ FORM) =c there
(^ OBJ NUM) = (^ SUBJ NUM)
(^ OBJ PERS) = (^ SUBJ PERS)
(^ VFORM) = pastpart
(^ AUX) = +
-------------------------------------------------------
being-2 V, C
(^ PRED) = `be< XCOMP >SUBJ'
(^ SUBJ) = (^ XCOMP SUBJ)
(^ XCOMP VOICE) =c passive
(^ VFORM) = prespart
(^ AUX) = +
------------------------------------------------------
believe V
(^ PRED) = `believe< SUBJ COMP >'
------------------------------------------------------
believe V
(^ PRED) = `believe< SUBJ XCOMP >OBJ'
(^ OBJ) = (^ XCOMP SUBJ)
------------------------------------------------------
believed-3 V
(^ PRED) = `believe< XCOMP >SUBJ'
(^ SUBJ) = (^ XCOMP SUBJ)
(^ VFORM) = pastpart
(^ VOICE) = passive
------------------------------------------------------
believed-4 V
(^ PRED) = `believe< OBL-ag XCOMP >SUBJ'
(^ SUBJ) = (^ XCOMP SUBJ)
(^ VFORM) = pastpart
(^ VOICE) = passive
------------------------------------------------------
***not covered in class***
believed-3a V
(^ PRED) = `believe< COMP >SUBJ'
(^ SUBJ FORM) =c it
(^ VFORM) = pastpart
(^ VOICE) = passive
------------------------------------------------------
***not covered in class***
believed-4 V
(^ PRED) = `believe< OBL-ag COMP >SUBJ'
(^ SUBJ FORM) =c it
(^ VFORM) = pastpart
(^ VOICE) = passive
-------------------------------------------------------
by P
(^ PRED) = `by< OBJ >'
(^ CASE) = OBL-ag
-------------------------------------------------------
cat-1 N
(^ PRED) = `cat'
(^ NUM) = sg
(^ PERS) = 3
--------------------------------------------------------
***not covered in class***
cat-2 N
(^ FORM) = `cat'
(^ DEF) =c +
(^ NUM) = sg
(^ PERS) = 3
--------------------------------------------------------
decide V
(^ PRED) = `decide< SUBJ XCOMP >'
(^ SUBJ) = (^ XCOMP SUBJ)
--------------------------------------------------------
decide-2 V
(^ PRED) = `decide< SUBJ COMP >'
--------------------------------------------------------
did V, C
(^ PRED) = `do< XCOMP >SUBJ'
(^ SUBJ) = (^ XCOMP SUBJ)
(^ TYPE) = modal
(^ AUX) = +
(^ XCOMP VFORM) =c inf
(^ VFORM) = fin
(^ TENSE) = past
--------------------------------------------------------
do V, C
(^ PRED) = `do< XCOMP >SUBJ'
(^ SUBJ) = (^ XCOMP SUBJ)
(^ TYPE) = modal
(^ AUX) = +
(^ XCOMP VFORM) =c inf
(^ VFORM) = fin
(^ TENSE) = pres
{ (^ SUBJ NUM) ~= sg | (^ SUBJ PERS) ~= 3 }
-----------------------------------------------------
doctor N
(^ PRED) = doctor
(^ NUMN) = sg
(^ PERS) = 3
------------------------------------------------------
does V, C
(^ PRED) = `do< XCOMP >SUBJ'
(^ SUBJ) = (^ XCOMP SUBJ)
(^ TYPE) = modal
(^ AUX) = +
(^ XCOMP VFORM) =c inf
(^ VFORM) = fin
(^ TENSE) = pres
(^ SUBJ NUM) = sg
(^ SUBJ PERS) = 3
------------------------------------------------------
eat V
(^ PRED) = `eat< SUBJ >'
-------------------------------------------------------
eat V
(^ PRED) = `eat< SUBJ OBJ >'
-------------------------------------------------------
eaten-1 V
(^ PRED) = `eat< patient >
SUBJ
(^ VOICE) = passive
(^ VFORM) = pastpart
-------------------------------------------------------
eaten-1.5 V
(^ PRED) = `eat< agent patient >
OBL-ag SUBJ
(^ VOICE) = passive
(^ VFORM) = pastpart
-------------------------------------------------------
examine V
(^ PRED) = `examine< SUBJ OBJ >'
-------------------------------------------------------
examined-1 V
(^ PRED) = `examine< patient >
SUBJ
(^ VOICE) = passive
(^ VFORM) = pastpart
-------------------------------------------------------
examined-1.5 V
(^ PRED) = `examine< agent patient >
OBL-ag SUBJ
(^ VOICE) = passive
(^ VFORM) = pastpart
--------------------------------------------------------
go V
(^ PRED) = `go< SUBJ >'
--------------------------------------------------------
has-1 V, C
(^ PRED) = `have< XCOMP >SUBJ'
(^ SUBJ) = (^ XCOMP SUBJ)
(^ XCOMP VFORM) =c pastpart
(^ XCOMP VOICE)~=passive
(^ VFORM) = fin
(^ TENSE) = pres
(^ SUBJ NUM) = sg
(^ SUBJ PERS) = 3
(^ AUX) = +
-------------------------------------------------------
have-1 V, C
(^ PRED) = `have< XCOMP >SUBJ'
(^ SUBJ) = (^ XCOMP SUBJ)
(^ XCOMP VFORM) =c pastpart
(^ XCOMP VOICE)~=passive
(^ VFORM) = inf
(^ AUX) = +
--------------------------------------------------------
is-1 V, C
(^ PRED) = `be< XCOMP >SUBJ'
(^ SUBJ) = (^ XCOMP SUBJ)
(^ XCOMP VFORM) =c prespart
(^ VFORM) = fin
(^ TENSE) = pres
(^ SUBJ NUM) = sg
(^ SUBJ PERS) = 3
(^ AUX) = +
-------------------------------------------------------
is-2 V, C
(^ PRED) = `be< XCOMP >SUBJ'
(^ SUBJ) = (^ XCOMP SUBJ)
(^ XCOMP VOICE) =c passive
(^ TENSE) = pres
(^ SUBJ NUM) = sg
(^ SUBJ PERS) = 3
(^ AUX) = +
--------------------------------------------------------
***not covered in class***
is-3 V, C
(^ PRED) = `there-be< XCOMP >OBJ SUBJ'
(^ OBJ) = (^ XCOMP SUBJ)
(^ XCOMP VFORM) = prespart
(^ SUBJ FORM) =c there
(^ OBJ NUM) = (^ SUBJ NUM)
(^ OBJ PERS) = (^ SUBJ PERS)
(^ VFORM) = pres
(^ SUBJ NUM) = sg
(^ SUBJ PERS) = 3
(^ AUX) = +
---------------------------------------------------------
***not covered in class***
out-of-1 P
(^ PRED) = `out-of< SUBJ OBJ >'
(^ SUBJ FORM) =c cat
(^ OBJ FORM) =c bag
s^ is the semantic structure corresponding to ^.
(s^ REL) = reveal
(s^ ARG1) = secret
---------------------------------------------------------
***not covered in class***
out-of-2 P
(^ PRED) = `out-of< SUBJ OBJ >'
------------------------------------------------------
persuade V
(^ PRED) = `perusade< SUBJ OBJ COMP >'
-------------------------------------------------------
persuade V
(^ PRED) = `perusade< SUBJ OBJ XCOMP >'
(^ OBJ) = (^ XCOMP SUBJ)
------------------------------------------------------
persuaded-3 V
(^ PRED) = `persuade< SUBJ XCOMP >'
(^ SUBJ) = (^ XCOMP SUBJ)
(^ VFORM) = pastpart
(^ VOICE) = passive
------------------------------------------------------
persuaded-4 V
(^ PRED) = `persuade< OBL-ag SUBJ XCOMP >'
(^ SUBJ) = (^ XCOMP SUBJ)
(^ VFORM) = pastpart
(^ VOICE) = passive
----------------------------------------------------------
Sam N
(^ PRED) = `sam'
(^ NUM) = sg
(^ PERS) = 3
---------------------------------------------------------
sandwich N
(^ PRED) = sandwich
(^ PERS) = 3
--------------------------------------------------------
saw V
(^ PRED) = `see< SUBJ OBJ >'
(^ VFORM) = fin
(^ TENSE) = past
--------------------------------------------------------
see V
(^ PRED) = `see< SUBJ OBJ >'
--------------------------------------------------------
seem V
(^ PRED) = `seem< XCOMP >SUBJ'
(^ SUBJ) = (^ XCOMP SUBJ)
(^ XCOMP VFORM) = inf
-------------------------------------------------------
seem-2 V
(^ PRED) = `seem< COMP >SUBJ'
(^ SUBJ FORM) =c it
-------------------------------------------------------
seen-1 V
(^ PRED) = `seen< experiencer stimulus >
OBL-ag SUBJ
(^ VOICE) = passive
(^ VFORM) = pastpart
-------------------------------------------------------
seen-1.5 V
(^ PRED) = `seen< stimulus >
SUBJ
(^ VOICE) = passive
(^ VFORM) = pastpart
--------------------------------------------------------
that-1 N
(^ PRED) = `pro'
--------------------------------------------------------
that-2 C
(^ TENSE)
--------------------------------------------------------
the DET
(^ DEF) = +
-------------------------------------------------------
***not covered in class***
there N
(^ FORM) = there
--------------------------------------------------------
to I
(^ VFORM) = inf
---------------------------------------------------------
try V
(^ PRED) = `try< SUBJ XCOMP >'
(^ SUBJ) = (^ XCOMP SUBJ)
---------------------------------------------------------
was-1 V, C
(^ PRED) = `be< XCOMP >SUBJ'
(^ SUBJ) = (^ XCOMP SUBJ)
(^ XCOMP VFORM) = prespart
(^ VFORM) = fin
(^ TENSE) = past
(^ SUBJ NUM) = sg
{ (^ SUBJ PERS) = 1 | (^ SUBJ PERS) = 3 }
(^ AUX) = +
-------------------------------------------------------
was-2 V, C
(^ PRED) = `be< XCOMP >SUBJ'
(^ SUBJ) = (^ XCOMP SUBJ)
(^ XCOMP VOICE) =c passive
(^ VFORM) = fin
(^ TENSE) = past
(^ SUBJ NUM) = sg
{ (^ SUBJ PERS) = 1 | (^ SUBJ PERS) = 3 }
(^ AUX) = +
--------------------------------------------------------
went V
(^ PRED) = `go< SUBJ >'
(^ VFORM) = fin
(^ TENSE) = past
----------------------------------------------------------
what N
(^ PRED) = `pro'
(^ Q) = +
---------------------------------------------------------
who N
(^ PRED) = `pro'
(^ Q) = +
---------------------------------------------------------
will V, C
(^ PRED) = `will< XCOMP >SUBJ'
(^ SUBJ) = (^ XCOMP SUBJ)
(^ TYPE) = modal
(^ AUX) = +
(^ XCOMP VFORM) =c inf
(^ VFORM) = fin
=========================================================
null suffix for nouns
(^ NUM) = sg
---------------------------------------------------------
-s for nouns
(^ NUM) = pl
---------------------------------------------------------
null suffix for verbs
(^ TENSE) = pres
{(^ SUBJ NUM) ~= sg | (^ SUBJ PERS) ~= 3}
(^ VFORM) = fin
----------------------------------------------------------
null suffix for verbs
(^ VFORM) = inf
----------------------------------------------------------
-s suffix for verbs
(^ SUBJ NUM) = sg
(^ SUBJ PERS) = 3
(^ TENSE) = pres
(^ VFORM) = fin
----------------------------------------------------------
-ed suffix for verbs
(^ TENSE) = past
(^ VFORM) = fin
----------------------------------------------------------
-ed/-en suffix for verbs
(^ VFORM) = pastpart
----------------------------------------------------------
-ing suffix for verbs
(^ VFORM) = prespart