11-721: Grammars and Lexicons Fall Term 2001 Some English rules and lexical entries ========================================================= Annotated Phrase Structure Rules ^ is up arrow. | is down arrow. ========================================================= Rule 1: S --> NP VP (^ SUBJ)=| ^=| (^ VFORM) =c fin ---------------------------------------------------------- Rule 2: VP --> V ^=| ---------------------------------------------------------- Rule 3: VP --> V NP ^=| (^ OBJ)=| ---------------------------------------------------------- Rule 4: VP --> V CP ^=| (^ COMP)=| --------------------------------------------------------- Rule 4a: VP --> V NP CP ^=| (^ OBJ)=| (^ COMP)=| --------------------------------------------------------- Rule 5: VP --> V IP ^=| (^ XCOMP)=| --------------------------------------------------------- Rule 5a: VP --> V NP IP ^=| (^ OBJ)=| (^ XCOMP)=| --------------------------------------------------------- Rule 5b: VP --> V VP ^=| (^ XCOMP)=| --------------------------------------------------------- Rule 5c: VP --> V NP VP ^=| (^ OBJ)=| (^ XCOMP)=| -------------------------------------------------------- Rule 6: C' --> C S ^=| ^=| --------------------------------------------------------- Rule 7: IP --> I' ^=| -------------------------------------------------------- Rule 8: I' --> I VP ^=| ^=| --------------------------------------------------------- Rule 9: NP --> (DET) N-1 ^=| ^=| --------------------------------------------------------- Rule 9a: N-1 --> N ^=| --------------------------------------------------------- Rule 10: PP --> P (NP) ^=| (^ OBJ)=| --------------------------------------------------------- Rule 11: VP --> V PP ^=| (^(| CASE))=| --------------------------------------------------------- Rule 11a: VP --> V NP PP ^=| (^ OBJ)=| (^(| CASE))=| --------------------------------------------------------- Rule 12: CP --> NP C' (^ {COMP|XCOMP}* ^=| {SUBJ|OBJ|OBL OBJ})=| (^ FOCUS) = | --------------------------------------------------------- Rule 12a: CP --> C' ^=| --------------------------------------------------------- Rule 13: C' --> C S ^=| (^ XCOMP)=| (Note: Here we have proposed an XCOMP that contains a subject.) --------------------------------------------------------- Rule 14: S --> NP VP (| Q)=c+ ^=| (^ SUBJ)=| (^ FOCUS)=| ========================================================= Lexicon ========================================================= --------------------------------------------------------- a DET (^ NUM) = sg (^ DEF) = - -------------------------------------------------------- ate V (^ PRED) = `eat< SUBJ OBJ >' (^ VFORM) = fin (^ TENSE) = past -------------------------------------------------------- ate V (^ PRED) = `eat< SUBJ >' (^ VFORM) = fin (^ TENSE) = past -------------------------------------------------------- ***not covered in class*** bag-1 N (^ FORM) = bag (^ DEF) =c + -------------------------------------------------------- bag-2 N (^ PRED) = `bag' (^ NUM) = sg (^ PERS) = 3 -------------------------------------------------------- be-1 V, C (^ PRED) = `be< XCOMP >SUBJ' (^ SUBJ) = (^ XCOMP SUBJ) (^ XCOMP VFORM) = prespart (^ VFORM) = INF (^ AUX) = + ------------------------------------------------------- be-2 V, C (^ PRED) = `be< XCOMP >SUBJ' (^ SUBJ) = (^ XCOMP SUBJ) (^ XCOMP VOICE) =c passive (^ VFORM) = inf (^ AUX) = + -------------------------------------------------------- ***not covered in class*** be-3 V, C (^ PRED) = `there-be< XCOMP >OBJ SUBJ' (^ OBJ) = (^ XCOMP SUBJ) (^ XCOMP VFORM) = prespart (^ SUBJ FORM) =c there (^ OBJ NUM) = (^ SUBJ NUM) (^ OBJ PERS) = (^ SUBJ PERS) (^ VFORM) = INF (^ AUX) = + -------------------------------------------------------- been-1 V, C (^ PRED) = `be< XCOMP >SUBJ' (^ SUBJ) = (^ XCOMP SUBJ) (^ XCOMP VFORM) = prespart (^ VFORM) = pastpart (^ AUX) = + ------------------------------------------------------- been-2 V, C (^ PRED) = `be< XCOMP >SUBJ' (^ SUBJ) = (^ XCOMP SUBJ) (^ XCOMP VOICE) =c passive (^ VFORM) = pastpart (^ AUX) = + -------------------------------------------------------- ***not covered in class*** been-3 V, C (^ PRED) = `there-be< XCOMP >OBJ SUBJ' (^ OBJ) = (^ XCOMP SUBJ) (^ XCOMP VFORM) = prespart (^ SUBJ FORM) =c there (^ OBJ NUM) = (^ SUBJ NUM) (^ OBJ PERS) = (^ SUBJ PERS) (^ VFORM) = pastpart (^ AUX) = + ------------------------------------------------------- being-2 V, C (^ PRED) = `be< XCOMP >SUBJ' (^ SUBJ) = (^ XCOMP SUBJ) (^ XCOMP VOICE) =c passive (^ VFORM) = prespart (^ AUX) = + ------------------------------------------------------ believe V (^ PRED) = `believe< SUBJ COMP >' ------------------------------------------------------ believe V (^ PRED) = `believe< SUBJ XCOMP >OBJ' (^ OBJ) = (^ XCOMP SUBJ) ------------------------------------------------------ believed-3 V (^ PRED) = `believe< XCOMP >SUBJ' (^ SUBJ) = (^ XCOMP SUBJ) (^ VFORM) = pastpart (^ VOICE) = passive ------------------------------------------------------ believed-4 V (^ PRED) = `believe< OBL-ag XCOMP >SUBJ' (^ SUBJ) = (^ XCOMP SUBJ) (^ VFORM) = pastpart (^ VOICE) = passive ------------------------------------------------------ ***not covered in class*** believed-3a V (^ PRED) = `believe< COMP >SUBJ' (^ SUBJ FORM) =c it (^ VFORM) = pastpart (^ VOICE) = passive ------------------------------------------------------ ***not covered in class*** believed-4 V (^ PRED) = `believe< OBL-ag COMP >SUBJ' (^ SUBJ FORM) =c it (^ VFORM) = pastpart (^ VOICE) = passive ------------------------------------------------------- by P (^ PRED) = `by< OBJ >' (^ CASE) = OBL-ag ------------------------------------------------------- cat-1 N (^ PRED) = `cat' (^ NUM) = sg (^ PERS) = 3 -------------------------------------------------------- ***not covered in class*** cat-2 N (^ FORM) = `cat' (^ DEF) =c + (^ NUM) = sg (^ PERS) = 3 -------------------------------------------------------- decide V (^ PRED) = `decide< SUBJ XCOMP >' (^ SUBJ) = (^ XCOMP SUBJ) -------------------------------------------------------- decide-2 V (^ PRED) = `decide< SUBJ COMP >' -------------------------------------------------------- did V, C (^ PRED) = `do< XCOMP >SUBJ' (^ SUBJ) = (^ XCOMP SUBJ) (^ TYPE) = modal (^ AUX) = + (^ XCOMP VFORM) =c inf (^ VFORM) = fin (^ TENSE) = past -------------------------------------------------------- do V, C (^ PRED) = `do< XCOMP >SUBJ' (^ SUBJ) = (^ XCOMP SUBJ) (^ TYPE) = modal (^ AUX) = + (^ XCOMP VFORM) =c inf (^ VFORM) = fin (^ TENSE) = pres { (^ SUBJ NUM) ~= sg | (^ SUBJ PERS) ~= 3 } ----------------------------------------------------- doctor N (^ PRED) = doctor (^ NUMN) = sg (^ PERS) = 3 ------------------------------------------------------ does V, C (^ PRED) = `do< XCOMP >SUBJ' (^ SUBJ) = (^ XCOMP SUBJ) (^ TYPE) = modal (^ AUX) = + (^ XCOMP VFORM) =c inf (^ VFORM) = fin (^ TENSE) = pres (^ SUBJ NUM) = sg (^ SUBJ PERS) = 3 ------------------------------------------------------ eat V (^ PRED) = `eat< SUBJ >' ------------------------------------------------------- eat V (^ PRED) = `eat< SUBJ OBJ >' ------------------------------------------------------- eaten-1 V (^ PRED) = `eat< patient > SUBJ (^ VOICE) = passive (^ VFORM) = pastpart ------------------------------------------------------- eaten-1.5 V (^ PRED) = `eat< agent patient > OBL-ag SUBJ (^ VOICE) = passive (^ VFORM) = pastpart ------------------------------------------------------- examine V (^ PRED) = `examine< SUBJ OBJ >' ------------------------------------------------------- examined-1 V (^ PRED) = `examine< patient > SUBJ (^ VOICE) = passive (^ VFORM) = pastpart ------------------------------------------------------- examined-1.5 V (^ PRED) = `examine< agent patient > OBL-ag SUBJ (^ VOICE) = passive (^ VFORM) = pastpart -------------------------------------------------------- go V (^ PRED) = `go< SUBJ >' -------------------------------------------------------- has-1 V, C (^ PRED) = `have< XCOMP >SUBJ' (^ SUBJ) = (^ XCOMP SUBJ) (^ XCOMP VFORM) =c pastpart (^ XCOMP VOICE)~=passive (^ VFORM) = fin (^ TENSE) = pres (^ SUBJ NUM) = sg (^ SUBJ PERS) = 3 (^ AUX) = + ------------------------------------------------------- have-1 V, C (^ PRED) = `have< XCOMP >SUBJ' (^ SUBJ) = (^ XCOMP SUBJ) (^ XCOMP VFORM) =c pastpart (^ XCOMP VOICE)~=passive (^ VFORM) = inf (^ AUX) = + -------------------------------------------------------- is-1 V, C (^ PRED) = `be< XCOMP >SUBJ' (^ SUBJ) = (^ XCOMP SUBJ) (^ XCOMP VFORM) =c prespart (^ VFORM) = fin (^ TENSE) = pres (^ SUBJ NUM) = sg (^ SUBJ PERS) = 3 (^ AUX) = + ------------------------------------------------------- is-2 V, C (^ PRED) = `be< XCOMP >SUBJ' (^ SUBJ) = (^ XCOMP SUBJ) (^ XCOMP VOICE) =c passive (^ TENSE) = pres (^ SUBJ NUM) = sg (^ SUBJ PERS) = 3 (^ AUX) = + -------------------------------------------------------- ***not covered in class*** is-3 V, C (^ PRED) = `there-be< XCOMP >OBJ SUBJ' (^ OBJ) = (^ XCOMP SUBJ) (^ XCOMP VFORM) = prespart (^ SUBJ FORM) =c there (^ OBJ NUM) = (^ SUBJ NUM) (^ OBJ PERS) = (^ SUBJ PERS) (^ VFORM) = pres (^ SUBJ NUM) = sg (^ SUBJ PERS) = 3 (^ AUX) = + --------------------------------------------------------- ***not covered in class*** out-of-1 P (^ PRED) = `out-of< SUBJ OBJ >' (^ SUBJ FORM) =c cat (^ OBJ FORM) =c bag s^ is the semantic structure corresponding to ^. (s^ REL) = reveal (s^ ARG1) = secret --------------------------------------------------------- ***not covered in class*** out-of-2 P (^ PRED) = `out-of< SUBJ OBJ >' ------------------------------------------------------ persuade V (^ PRED) = `perusade< SUBJ OBJ COMP >' ------------------------------------------------------- persuade V (^ PRED) = `perusade< SUBJ OBJ XCOMP >' (^ OBJ) = (^ XCOMP SUBJ) ------------------------------------------------------ persuaded-3 V (^ PRED) = `persuade< SUBJ XCOMP >' (^ SUBJ) = (^ XCOMP SUBJ) (^ VFORM) = pastpart (^ VOICE) = passive ------------------------------------------------------ persuaded-4 V (^ PRED) = `persuade< OBL-ag SUBJ XCOMP >' (^ SUBJ) = (^ XCOMP SUBJ) (^ VFORM) = pastpart (^ VOICE) = passive ---------------------------------------------------------- Sam N (^ PRED) = `sam' (^ NUM) = sg (^ PERS) = 3 --------------------------------------------------------- sandwich N (^ PRED) = sandwich (^ PERS) = 3 -------------------------------------------------------- saw V (^ PRED) = `see< SUBJ OBJ >' (^ VFORM) = fin (^ TENSE) = past -------------------------------------------------------- see V (^ PRED) = `see< SUBJ OBJ >' -------------------------------------------------------- seem V (^ PRED) = `seem< XCOMP >SUBJ' (^ SUBJ) = (^ XCOMP SUBJ) (^ XCOMP VFORM) = inf ------------------------------------------------------- seem-2 V (^ PRED) = `seem< COMP >SUBJ' (^ SUBJ FORM) =c it ------------------------------------------------------- seen-1 V (^ PRED) = `seen< experiencer stimulus > OBL-ag SUBJ (^ VOICE) = passive (^ VFORM) = pastpart ------------------------------------------------------- seen-1.5 V (^ PRED) = `seen< stimulus > SUBJ (^ VOICE) = passive (^ VFORM) = pastpart -------------------------------------------------------- that-1 N (^ PRED) = `pro' -------------------------------------------------------- that-2 C (^ TENSE) -------------------------------------------------------- the DET (^ DEF) = + ------------------------------------------------------- ***not covered in class*** there N (^ FORM) = there -------------------------------------------------------- to I (^ VFORM) = inf --------------------------------------------------------- try V (^ PRED) = `try< SUBJ XCOMP >' (^ SUBJ) = (^ XCOMP SUBJ) --------------------------------------------------------- was-1 V, C (^ PRED) = `be< XCOMP >SUBJ' (^ SUBJ) = (^ XCOMP SUBJ) (^ XCOMP VFORM) = prespart (^ VFORM) = fin (^ TENSE) = past (^ SUBJ NUM) = sg { (^ SUBJ PERS) = 1 | (^ SUBJ PERS) = 3 } (^ AUX) = + ------------------------------------------------------- was-2 V, C (^ PRED) = `be< XCOMP >SUBJ' (^ SUBJ) = (^ XCOMP SUBJ) (^ XCOMP VOICE) =c passive (^ VFORM) = fin (^ TENSE) = past (^ SUBJ NUM) = sg { (^ SUBJ PERS) = 1 | (^ SUBJ PERS) = 3 } (^ AUX) = + -------------------------------------------------------- went V (^ PRED) = `go< SUBJ >' (^ VFORM) = fin (^ TENSE) = past ---------------------------------------------------------- what N (^ PRED) = `pro' (^ Q) = + --------------------------------------------------------- who N (^ PRED) = `pro' (^ Q) = + --------------------------------------------------------- will V, C (^ PRED) = `will< XCOMP >SUBJ' (^ SUBJ) = (^ XCOMP SUBJ) (^ TYPE) = modal (^ AUX) = + (^ XCOMP VFORM) =c inf (^ VFORM) = fin ========================================================= null suffix for nouns (^ NUM) = sg --------------------------------------------------------- -s for nouns (^ NUM) = pl --------------------------------------------------------- null suffix for verbs (^ TENSE) = pres {(^ SUBJ NUM) ~= sg | (^ SUBJ PERS) ~= 3} (^ VFORM) = fin ---------------------------------------------------------- null suffix for verbs (^ VFORM) = inf ---------------------------------------------------------- -s suffix for verbs (^ SUBJ NUM) = sg (^ SUBJ PERS) = 3 (^ TENSE) = pres (^ VFORM) = fin ---------------------------------------------------------- -ed suffix for verbs (^ TENSE) = past (^ VFORM) = fin ---------------------------------------------------------- -ed/-en suffix for verbs (^ VFORM) = pastpart ---------------------------------------------------------- -ing suffix for verbs (^ VFORM) = prespart