+==============================================================================+
|                               LEDA 3.5                                       |
+==============================================================================+

- Version Macro  __LEDA__   (defined to 350 in the current version)


- new data types

    map2<I1,I2,E> : two-dimensional maps (sparce matrices)
    node_map2<E>  : two-dimensional node maps (sparse node matrices)
    ps_file       : data type for producing Postsript graphics with the same
                    interface as window (see <LEDA>/Manual/contrib for details)
                    

- memory management
    now can handle blocks of arbitrary size 


- leda_type_id() function (special treatement of built_in types)


- numbers
  new implementation of bigfloats and reals
  (much more efficient)


- list<T>
    - L.pop() now checks precondition (non-empty list)

    - L.reverse(it1,it2)  reverses sub-list

    - L.bucket_sort(int (*f)(const T&))
             same as L.bucket_sort(i,j,f) where i and j are the
             minimal and maximal value of f(e) as e ranges over 
             all elements of L.

    renamed:
    - list_item L.item(int i)          --->   list_item L.get_item(int i)
    - void  L.move_to_rear(list_item)  --->   void  L.move_to_back(list_item)


    - STL iterators (list<T>::[const_]iterator or list<T>::[const_]item)

    - STL operations
         splice reverse merge swap remove front back push_front push_back
         pop_front pop_back erase erase begin end


- array<T>
    - STL iterators (array<T>::[const_]iterator or array<T>::[const_]item)


- Graphs

    20% Space Reduction

    G.choose_node/edge/face()   now returns a random node/edge face of G

    New Member Functions:
      boid G.make_bidirected(list<edge>& R)
      bool G.is_bidirected()
      bool G.is_map()

      void G.make_map(list<edge>& R)

      void G.join(graph& G1)
      node G.merge_nodes(node v1, node v2)

      void G.del_nodes(const list<node>& V)
      void G.del_edges(const list<edge>& E)
      void G.restore_all_edges();
  
      void G.bucket_sort_nodes(int l, int h, int (*ord)(const node&));
      void G.bucket_sort_nodes(int (*ord)(const node&));
      void G.bucket_sort_nodes(const node_array<int>& ord);
      
      void G.bucket_sort_edges(int l, int h, int (*ord)(const edge&));
      void G.bucket_sort_edges(int (*ord)(const edge&));
      void G.bucket_sort_edges(const edge_array<int>& ord);


   Animation and Callback-Functions

      bool pre_new_node_handler();
      void post_new_node_handler(node);
      bool pre_del_node_handler(node);
      void post_del_node_handler();
  
      bool pre_new_edge_handler();
      void post_new_edge_handler(edge);
      bool pre_del_edge_handler(edge);
      void post_del_edge_handler();
  
  
   New File Format (delimiters for node and edge data)



- 2D Geometry

 - for all float basic objects (point,segment,ray,line,circle,polygon)
   a) x.translate(double phi, double d) renamed to x.translate_by_angle(phi,d)
   b) x.translate(double dx, double dy) translation by vector (dx,dy)


   Algorithms for POINT  in { point,  rat_point }
                  CIRCLE in { circle, rat_circle }

 - faster algorithms for Delaunay triangulation and Voronoi diagrams 
   DELAUNAY_TRIANG(const list<POINT>& L, GRAPH<POINT,int>& DT)
   VORONOI(const list<POINT>& L, GRAPH<CIRCLE,POINT>& DT)

 - furthest point Delaunay triangulation
     void F_DELAUNAY_TRIANG(const list<POINT>& L, GRAPH<POINT,int>& DT)

 - furthest point Voronoi diagram
     void F_VORONOI(const list<POINT>& L, GRAPH<CIRCLE,POINT>& DT)

 - Euclidean Minimum Spanning Tree Algorithm
     void MIN_SPANNING_TREE(list<POINT>&, GRAPH<POINT,int>& T)

 - Largest Empty Circle
     CIRCLE LARGEST_EMPTY_CIRCLE(const list<POINT>&)

 - Smallest Enclosing Circle
     CIRCLE SMALLEST_ENCLOSING_CIRCLE(const list<POINT>&)

 - Minimum Width Annulus
     void  MIN_WIDTH_ANNULUS(const list<POINT>&, POINT& c, POINT& i, POINT& o)

 - Minimum Area Annulus
     void  MIN_AREA_ANNULUS(const list<POINT>&, POINT& c, POINT& i, POINT& o)



- 3D Geometry

   3D Points
      - d3_point
      - d3_rat_point

   3D Planes
      - d3_plane
      - d3_rat_plane

   3D Convex Hull (for POINT in { d3_point, d3_rat_point }
      - CONVEX_HULL(const list<POINT>& L, GRAPH<POINT,int>& polyeder)
      - CONVEX_HULL(const list<POINT>& L, GRAPH<POINT,int>& polyeder)



- Windows/Panels

    bitmaps in choice items and buttons
    multiple choice items
    improved pull-down menues
    Timer: W.start_timer(int msec, void (*action)(window*))
           W.stop_timer();

    Redrawing: drawing mode is set to "src_mode" before calling any
               user-defined redraw (and timer) function. If a different 
               drawing mode is to be used it has to be set in the 
               corresponding redraw function explicitely.



- GraphWin
    see src/graphwin/CHANGES




+==============================================================================+
|                               LEDA-R 3.4.1                                   |
+==============================================================================+

- graph:
   new planar map operations ("planar_map" data type obsolete)
   GML - Format (new I/O operations) 
     G.write_gml(file_name)
     G.read_gml(file_name)

- windows and panels:
   string_items can be edited using mouse and cursor keys

- GraphWin: (still experimental)
   many changes (see graphwin/CHANGES)

- new dynamic trees implementation "dynamic_trees"


Many problems fixed (see FIXES).


+==============================================================================+
|                               LEDA-R 3.4                                     |
+==============================================================================+


-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
GENERAL
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

IMPORTANT IMPORTANT IMPORTANT IMPORTANT IMPORTANT IMPORTANT IMPORTANT IMPORTANT

Name of window library has changed  

      OLD name:  libWx  (-lWx)
      NEW name:  libW   (-lW)

AND it now has to  appear in front of all other libraries 

     ... -lW -lP -lG -lL -lX11  ....



-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Print and Read
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Functions "Print" and "Read"  are no longer used to implement
user defined I/O routines. Now, the usual output and input stream 
operators (operator<< and opertor>>) are used. For backward
compatibility Print and Read functions will still work but 
should be avoided. Missing I/O operators will be reported at
compile time.



-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Linear Orders (compare)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

There is no default implementation of "int compare(const T&, const T&)
giving an error message at run time. Now <LEDA/param_types.h>
only contains a template {\bf declaration} for compare. The effect is
that missing compare functions will be reported by the linker. Now 
the use of a compare functions (e.g. in a parameterized data type as
in dictionary<key,inf>) and its definition can be located in different 
source files (which was not possible in the previous version
with many compilers).

Example:

#include <LEDA/list.h>

class pair {

 double  x;
 double  y;

public:

pair(double a=0, double b=0) : x(a), y(b) {}
pair(const pair& p) x(p.x), y(p.y) {}

friend istream& operator>>(istream& is, pair& p)
{ return is >> p.x >> p.y; }

friend ostream& operator<<(ostream& os, const pair& p)
{ return os << p.x << " " << p.y; }

friend int compare(const pair& p, const pair& q);
};

main()
{ list<pair> L;
  L.read("list of pairs: ");
  L.sort();
  L.print("sorted:\n",'\n');
  return 0;
}

int compare(const pair& p, const pair& q)
{  if (p.x < q.x) return -1; 
   if (p.x > q.x) return  1; 
   if (p.y < q.y) return -1; 
   if (p.y > q.y) return  1; 
   return 0;  
}




-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
New Compilers/Platforms   (lconfig)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

  Win32 (NT, Win95) 

    - Borland C++
    - Microsoft Viusal C++ 
    - Watcom C++

  (please contact LEDA GmbH for DLL's)


  LINUX: shared Libraries
   

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Documentation and manual tools
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

   please see section 1.12 of the LEDA manual

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Memory Management
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

   encapsulated into class memory_manager
   - multiple managers
   - table size parameter



-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
multi-threads
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

  Multithread safety is available for posix, cps package and solaris package.
  To use the right package, please edit the file incl/LEDA/thread.h  

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Graphs & Planar Maps
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

  G.move_edge(edge e, node v,  node w)
  G.move_edge(edge e, edge e1, edge e2)
  G.move_edge(edge e, edge e1, node w)

  Reversals and Faces

  G.make_map()

  G.reversal(e);
  G.face_cycle_succ();
  G.face_cycle_pred();

  G.compute_faces();
  ...

  face_array, face_map


See the section on graphs and related data types in the user manual 
for more details. 


-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Graph Algorithms
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

   MIN_COST_FLOW(G,lcap,ucap, cost,supply,flow)
   MIN_COST_FLOW(G,cap, cost,supply,flow)
   MIN_COST_MAX_FLOW(G,s,t,cap,cost,flow)



-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
GEOMETRY
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

   all objects now both with floating point and exact rational arithmetic

 -  new types  
     ray 
     rat_ray
     rat_circle
     rat_line

 - name changes
     x.vertical()    --> x.is_vertical()
     x.horizontal()  --> x.is_horizontal()

     converting rational to floating point objects:

     x.topoint()   --> x.to_point()
     x.tosegment() --> x.to_segment()
     x.toline()    --> x.to_line()
     x.tocircle()  --> x.to_circle()


 - new transformations
   x.reflect(p,q)
   x.reflect(p)


 - delaunay_tree removed 
   replaced by "delaunay_triang", an efficient and robust data structure 
   base on LEDA graphs and exact arithmetic (see section on advanced
   data types for geometry and the delaunay_demo program on <LEDA>demo/geo

 - float_delaunay_triang (floating point version)
 


 - new algorithms (plane_alg.h)

   all algorithms for both float and rational objects 

   Balaban
   Mulmuley
   DELAUNAY_FLIPPING
   VORONOI




-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
windows and graphics
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

   many bugs fixed
   improved panels and menues
   choice_items and buttons with bitmaps 
   graphwin (experimental)


-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
New Demos
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

   in <LEDA>/prog/demo  and <LEDA>/demo/...

    segint_demo:   segment intersection
    delaunay_demo: delaunay and voronoi diagrams
    graphwin:      graphwin demo



+==============================================================================+
|									       |
|                              LEDA-R 3.3.1                                    |
|                                                                              |
|                           RESEARCH VERSION                                   |
|                                                                              |
+==============================================================================+

- bug fix release
  see file FIXES

- lconfig.bat now works with Windows NT and Windows 95 with compilers Watcom
  10.5 (lconfig wcnt) and MSVC++ 4.0  (lconfig msvc).
  The graphics part is also running under Windows!
  see INSTALL.W32

- new tools (based on perl) for extracting and viewing the manual.  
  see directory Manual
  the old methods are still available (directory man)

+==============================================================================+
|                              LEDA-R 3.3                                    |
+==============================================================================+
- new installation & configuration procedures for UNIX, dos, windows
  (see INSTALL and INSTALL.dos ).

- new mechanism for avoiding name conflicts with other packages (STL), 
  (experimental, see the INSTALL file ).

- shared libraries for Solaris with SunPro C++ and g++ 
  (see the INSTALL file ).


- const-ref parameters 
   All parameterized data types now use const reference parameters 
   for argument passing. This avoids unnecessary copy operations
   which is particularly important when using non-simple type parameters.  


- strings
   string length explicityly stored in string_rep  (efficiency)
   bug in string::operator[](int) fixed


- hashing (h_array, _d_array<I,E,ch_hash>)
   bugs in ch_hash fixed 
   missing iteration statements added


- set<T>
   new operations for intersection, union, and  difference of sets


- graphs

  The implementation of graphs has been rewritten. Now undirected graphs
  again have ordered adjacency lists (as in previous versions of LEDA)
  and you can specify where a new edge is to be inserted into the adjacency
  lists of both the source and target node of the edge. 
  Please read the new manual pages for graphs !

- planarity test 
   PLANAR: now works for multi-graphs
   PLANAR1: new and faster test based on PQ-Trees


- planar_map
   int M.number_of_faces()  new
   int M.size(face f)       new



-Geometry

   bug in circle::intersection(line/segment) fixed
   bug in line::perpendicular(point) fixed
   bugs in DELAUNAY_TRIANG fixed
   use member initializationa in segment_rep(point,point)
   new data type  "rat_polygon"

   point/rat_point
     side_of_circle(a,b,c,d)
     incircle(a,b,c,d)
     outcircle(a,b,c,d)
     cocircular(a,b,c,d)



- windows, panels, and colors

  The window and panel types have been extended and (hopefully) improved.
  Now panels and windows are essentially the same and you can include
  panel items into your windows. A short description of the new features
  can be found in "Changes.win" in this directory.

  Two of the changes that probably will cause problems with old code are

  + W.read_mouse(...) now returns the constants MOUSE_BUTTON(i) (i=1,2,3)
    instead of 1,2,3 for the left/middle/right button

  + windows have to be opened explicitely by W.open(...) 

  Please read the new manual pages for windows !




- Changes of global function and macro names

  internally used functions:

  Copy      --> leda_copy
  Convert   --> leda_cast
  Access    --> leda_access
  Clear     --> leda_clear
  Create    --> leda_create
  Int_Type  --> leda_itype
  Type_Name --> leda_tname

  reverse iteration:

  Forall(x,S)       --> forall_rev(x,S)
  Forall_nodes(v,G) --> forall_rev_nodes(v,G)
  Forall_edges(e,G) --> forall_rev_edges(e,G)
  





+==============================================================================+
|   LEDA-R 3.2.2                                                               |
+==============================================================================+

Bugfix Release (see Fixes)


+==============================================================================+
|   LEDA-R 3.2.1                                                               |
+==============================================================================+

Bugfix Release (see Fixes)


+==============================================================================+
|									       |
|                              LEDA-R 3.2                                      |
|                          RESEARCH VERSION                                    |
|                                                                              |
+==============================================================================+

The new release is mainly a bug-fix release, however it also contains some new 
algorithms for graphs and computational geometry. 
See the "Fixes" file for the list of fixed bugs.


------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1. GENERAL CHANGES
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

SYSTEM DEPENDENT FLAGS
<LEDA/basic.h> has been split into a number of smaller files
The most important is <LEDA/system.h>. Here several flags are
defined indicating particular features or limitations of
compilers. Examples are

         __BUILTIN_BOOL__
         __NEW_SCOPE_RULES__
         __TEMPLATE_FUNCTIONS__
         __EXPLICIT_DESTRUCTION__

The current settings in <LEDA/system.h> have been tested with 
g++-2.5.8, g++-2.6.3, g++-2.7.0, AT&T cfront 2.0.3, sunpro c++ 4.0.1, 
lucid c++ 3.1 , watcom 10.0, zortech 3.1, borland 4.5

IF YOU ARE USING A DIFFERENT COMPILER OR VERSION YOU MAY HAVE TO EDIT THIS FILE.



MACROS
Macros  "forever" and "loop"  are no longer defined


ITERATION
The "forall(x,S)" macro can now be used to iterate over the elements
of arrays and d_arrays.



PARAMETERIZED DATA TYPES
The implementation of parameterized data types (<LEDA/param_types.h>) has 
been rewritten to make it more readable and stable. It now should work with
all c++ compilers supporting function templates. In particular the problems
on 64 bit architectures and the one-word bug have been fixed.
There is no special treatement of handle types anymore.



------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2. Data Types
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

string
             the printf-like string(const char*,...) constructor has been
             rewritten (should work now with all varargs - implementations)


vector/matrix  
             Read & Print with dimensions


integer
             speed of addition/subtraction improved on SPARC


list
             the split operation now has an additional parameter "dir"
             indicating whether the splitting should happen before or after
             the provided item


priority queues

             new data structure: r_heap (redistributive heap)


d_array 
             delete operation:  d_array<I,E>::undefine(I i)



planar_map
             new iteration macro:

             forall_adj_faces(f,v) 
             { "v is successively assigned all faces adjacent to node v" }


random_planar_graph 

             generates connected graphs now


New Graph Algorithms

             MAX_WEIGHT_MATCHING
             MIN_CUT


------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3. GEOMETRY
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

New Operations on (rat_)points and (rat_)segments

             point::rot90
             segment::rot90
             rat_point::rot90
             rat_segment::rot90

geometric primitives (evaluated exactly for rat_ ...):

             orientation(point,point,point)
             left_turn(point,point,point)
             right_turn(point,point,point)
             collinear(point,point,point)
             incircle(point,point,point,point)
             cmp_slopes(segment,segment)


             
Algorithms

void TRIANGULATE_POINTS(list<point> L, GRAPH<point,edge>& G);


void DELAUNAY_TRIANGULATION(const list<point>& L, GRAPH<point,edge>& T);

void DELAUNAY_TRIANGULATION(const list<point>& L, graph& T, 
                                                  node_array<point>& pos,
                                                  edge_array<edge>&  rev);

void DELAUNAY_TRIANGULATION(const list<point>& L, planar_map& T, 
                                                  node_array<point>& pos);



SWEEP_SEGMENTS

The SWEEP_SEGMENTS function has been completely rewritten. It is 
based on the new geometric primitives mentioned above which makes
the code more readable, robust and efficient. This also fixes bugs
in the SEGMENT_INTERSECTION function and the polygon::intersection
method (see also <LEDA>/web/sweep).





+==============================================================================+
|									       |
|                             VERSION 3.1                                      |
|                                                                              |
+==============================================================================+

Many changes were made to make LEDA work with new compilers (g++-2.6.3,
Lucid \CC, Watcom \CC Sunpro \CC, ...) and on more platforms (Silicon 
Graphics, IBM, HP, Solaris-2.3, Linux, ...). All reported bugs of version
3.0 we were able to find and understand have been fixed (see LEDA/Fixes
for a list). Several new data types and algorithms (especially in the graph 
and window section) have been included.

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
       Changes that might cause unexpected behavior or problems
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The following list is not complete, please report all problems to 
leda@mpi-sb.mpg.de


1. compare, Print, Read, and Hash  

   + there are no predefined versions for pointer types anymore
     so you will receive a run time error "compare undefined"
     when, for example, sorting a list of pointers without having
     defined a compare function for the pointer type.

   + in general, if you use one of these functions before declaring it
     you will receive an error message. Uses can be hidden in instantiations
     of parameterized types. Example:

     list<T>  D;  // here the default error template compare is instantiated.
                  // since list has an operation (sort) that uses compare
  
     int compare(const T&, const T&); // error : compare multiply defined
     dictionary<T,int> D; 



   + a possible bug in g++ :
     if you declare a compare function static and define it later
     in the file, g++ will not use it but will use the default
     template version from <LEDA/param_types.h>.

     Example:

                 class pair {
                 ...
                 };

                 // declaration
                 static int compare(const pair&, const pair&);

                 // use
                 dictionary<pair,int> D;

                 
                 // definition
                 int compare(const pair& p, const pair& q) {  ... }


     Using inline compare functions seems to be a work-around for this problem
     (maybe extern works also ?).


2. ugraph

   Some of the functionality of ugraphs available in previous versions, e.g., 
   a linear ordering of all adjacent edges, is not supported in the
   current version.


3. PLANAR(graph&, bool embed=false)

   PLANAR has a different behavior: an embedding is constructed only
   if the optional boolean flag embed is set to true.


4. random

   There is no LEDA random function any more ( they caused a lot of problems 
   with existing random functions on many systems). Now LEDA contains
   a new data type "random source" for the generation of different
   types of random numbers.



5. The newly introduced numerical types bigfloat and real might cause problems 
   on several systems. If so, please report ...  You can ignore all compiler 
   error messages if you do not intend to use these types.



------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                 Fixed Bugs (see also LEDA/Fixes)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
- array::operator=  fixed
- graph::read and graph::write
- node_set edge_set rewritten
- int_set: hard coded word size replaced by sizeof-call
- list<T>::sort(cmp_func), ... for types T with sizeof(T) > sizeof(void*)
- array<T>::sort(cmp_func), ... for types T with sizeof(T) > sizeof(void*)
- bug in vector::operator=(const vector&) fixed
- bug in rs_tree (set<T>) copy constructor fixed
- LEDA_MEMORY: operator new & delete now use the size argument 
- array copy constructor fixed
- memory leak in list::assign() fixed
- polygon CONVEX_HULL(list<point>)  new algorithm (Graham's Scan)
- bugs in segment::intersection() and line::intersection() fixed
- bug in binary heaps (negative integer keys) fixed
- UGRAPH::assign(node/edge,...) fixed
- bug in list<node> graph::adj_nodes() (undirected graphs) fixed 
- Iteration (forall_defined) for h_arrays 
- some problems in _leda_panel.c fixed (slider items, buttons, ...)
- multi-definition problem with read_mouse(window, ...) and g++ fixed
- skiplist copy constructor
- memory leaks in leda panels
- nested forall-loops
- string::read now can read strings of arbitrary length
- made dlist::bucket_sort stable 
- memory bug in dp_hash (dynamic perfect hashing) fixed
- k_heap::del_item fixed
- made rs_tree::change_inf (dictionary) clear old and copy new information
- dlist::search (replaced != by call of virtual cmp function)
- fixed bug in queue::append (replaced Convert by Copy)
- bugs in MAX_WEIGHT_BIPARTITE_MATCHING fixed (by M. Paul)
- prio.h: added missing ostream argument cout to Print calls
- stack::push(x)    replaced Convert(x) by Copy(x)
- segment::angle()  now returns zero for segments of length zero
- memory leak in draw_(filled_)polygon fixed
- bug in ab_tree::clear() fixed (forgot to set counter to zero)
- made dlist update operations protected
- missing operation ugraph::read(istream&) inserted
 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
NEW FEATURES
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Manual Pages

  All manual pages have been incorporated into the corresponding
  header files. There are tools (see LEDA/man/README) to extract and
  typeset the new user manual from these files. A postscript and
  LaTeX version of the manual is available on the ftp server.

Parameterized Data Types

  The  LEDA_TYPE_PARAMERER macro that had to be called for type
  arguments in parameterized data types when using the \gg compiler
  is not needed anymore for \gg versions $>=$ 2.6.3.


Linear Orders, I/O, and Hashing

  $compare$, $Hash$, $Read$ and $Print$ functions only have to be 
  defined for type parameters of a parameterized data type if they are 
  actually used by operations of the data type. If one of these function 
  is called and has not been defined explicitely, a default version giving
  an error message is instantiated from a function template.
  Except for the built-in types and some basic LEDA types ($string$ and
  $point$) there are no predefined versions of these functions any more.
  In particular, they are not predefined for arbitrary pointer types. 
  You will notice the effect of this change, for instance, when calling 
  the sort operation on a list of pointers $list<T*>$ for
  without a definition of a compare function for $T*$.  Previous LEDA 
  releases sorted the list by increasing addresses of the pointers in 
  this case. In version~3.1 the program will exit with the exception
  ``no compare function defined for $T*$". Operations based on functions
  $Hash$, $Read$, or $Print$ show a similar behavior.



compare, ord, and hash function arguments 

  used e.g. in list::sort, array::sort, list::bucket_sort, ...
  have to use const reference parameters, i.e., have to be of type
  int cmp(const T&, const T&) 
  int ord(const T&)



Nested Forall Loops

   The limitation of previous versions that {\bf forall}-loops (e.g.
   on lists) could not be nested is no longer valid.


Graphs

The distinction in directed and undirected graphs is not as strict as
in previous versions. Data type $graph$ represents both directed and
undirected graphs. Directed and undirected graphs only differ in the
definition of adjacent edges or nodes. Now, two lists of edges are 
associated with every node $v$: the list
$out_edges(v) = \{\ e \in E\ | source(e) = v\ \}$ of edges starting in $v$,
and the list $in_edges(v) = \{\ e \in E\ | target(e) = v\ \}$ of
edges ending in $v$. 
A graph is either {\em directed} or {\em undirected}.
In a directed graph an edge is adjacent to its source and in an undirected
graph it is adjacent to its source and target. In a directed graph a node $w$
is adjacent to a node $v$ if there is an edge $(v,w) \in E$; in an undirected
graph $w$ is adjacent to $v$ if there is an edge $(v,w)$ or $(w,v)$ in the
graph.  There are iteration macros allowing to iterate over the list of
starting, ending or adjacent edges (cf. \ref{Graphs} for details).



New Data Types

The old priority queue type $priority_queue<K,I>$ caused
a lot of confusion because of the non-standard semantics of the type 
parameters $K$ and $I$ (the meaning of {\em key} and {\em information} 
was exchanged compared to most text book presentations of priority queues).
To eliminate this confusion we introduced a new priority queue type
$p_queue<P,I>$. Now $P$ is called the priority type of the queue.

The basic library has been extended by several new numerical data types
including an arbitrary length integer type ($integer$), a type of
rational numbers ($rational$), and two filter types $ffloat$ and
$real$ especially useful for floating point computations
in geometric applications.

Note that the temporarily (LEDA-3.1c) introduced data types $node_data$,
$node_stack$, $node_queue$ are no longer available. Please use $node_map$, 
$edge_map$, $stack<node>$ and $queue<node>$ instead.

A list of the new data types:

priority queues        p_queue<P,I>
singly linked lists    slist<T>
big integers           integer
rational numbers       rational
floating point filter  ffloat
real numbers           real
rational point         rat_point
rational segments      rat_segment
maps                   map<I,E>
node and edge maps     node/edge_map<T>
node lists             node_list
bounded node p_queues  b_node_pq<n>



Graph Generators and Algorithms

LEDA now offers more generators for different types of graphs (see 
\ref{Graph Generators} for a complete list).
The planarity test $PLANAR$ has been re-implemented and
now has a boolean flag parameter $embed$. An embedding of the graph
is computed only if $embed = true$. A second variant of $PLANAR$
computes a Kuratowsky-subgraph in the case of non-planarity.
A new graph algorithm is $MIN_COST_MAX_FLOW$ computing
a maximal flow with minimal cost. 



Windows and Panels

The window and panel data types  now are base on a plain X11 implementation.
New features include
-- opening more than one window or panel
-- positioning, displaying, and closing of panels and windows
-- changing the label of windows and panels
-- 16 predefined colors
-- accessing colors from the X11 data base by name
-- drawing arcs, arc edges, and arc arrows
-- changing the default fonts, 
-- reading and handling X11 events
-- a simple graph editor (cf. <LEDA/graph_edit.h>)








+==============================================================================+
|									       |
|                             VERSION 3.0                                      |
|                                                                              |
+==============================================================================+

LEDA-3.0    (template version)

LEDA-N-3.0  (non-template version)


------------------------------------------------------------------------------
TEMPLATES & PARAMETERIZED DATA TYPES   (cf. manual, section 1.1)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  
Starting with version 3.0 LEDA is using C++ templates for parameterized 
data types (e.g. dictionary<string,int>). This makes declare macros 
(e.g. declare2(dictionary,string,int)) and the "LEDA_TYPE_PARAMETER" macro 
obsolete. Any built-in, pointer, item, or user-defined class type can be used 
as actual type parameter for a parameterized data type. Class types however 
have to provide the following operations:

  a constructor taking no arguments   T::T()
  a copy constructor                  T::T(const T&)
  a Read function                     void Read(T&, istream&)
  a Print function                    void Print(const T&, ostream&)

A compare function  "int compare(const T&, const T&)" (cf. section 1.4 of the 
user manual) has to be defined if required by the data type.

Currently, the template version can be used with cfront 3.0.1 and g++-2.3.1.
Note however that there are still many bugs in g++-2.3 (most of them should
be fixed in the next version). In particular, there are problems with function
templates that still make the use of the "LEDA_TYPE_PARAMETER" macro necessary 
for non-pointer type parameters.

For compilers not supporting templates there is a non-template variant "LEDA-N"
available whose parameterized data types are based on declare-macros as in
the previous LEDA versions.

See "prog/basic/param.c" for an example.


------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 IMPLEMENTATION PARAMETERS         (cf. user manual, section 1.2)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
   
For many of the parameterized data types (dictionary,priority queue,d_array,
sortseq) there are variants taking an additional data structure parameter 
for choosing a particular implementation, e.g. 

_dictionary<string,int,skiplist>  D 

creates a dictionary D with key type string and information type int 
implemented by the skiplist data structure.

Any such type _XYZ<T1,...,Tk,impl> is derived from the corresponding
"normal" parameterized type XYZ<T1,...,Tk>, i.e., an instance of type 
_XYZ<T1,...,Tk,impl> can be passed as argument to functions with a 
formal parameter of type XYZ<T1,...,Tk>&. This provides a mechanism for
choosing implementations of data types in pre-compiled algorithms.

See "prog/graph/dijkstra.c" for an example.



Language Limitations: 
--------------------
Templates cannot be overloaded (why ?), so we have to use different names. 
The names of data types with implementation parameters start with an 
underscore:

_dictionary<K,I,impl>
_priority_queue<K,I,impl>
_d_array<I,E,impl>
_sortseq<K,I,impl>


Compiler Limitations: 
--------------------
Cfront 3.0.1 does not allow template arguments to be used as base classes.
Therefore, we still have to use the macros from <generic.h> here:

declare3(_dictionary,K,I,impl)        ---->    _dictionary(K,I,impl)
declare3(_priority_queue,K,I,impl)    ---->    _priority_queue(K,I,impl)
declare3(_sortseq,K,I,impl)           ---->    _sortseq(K,I,impl)
declare3(_d_array,I,E,impl)           ---->    _d_array(K,I,impl)



Example Programs:
-----------------
_dictionary<K,I,impl>              prog/dict/dic_test.c
_priority_queue<K,I,impl>          prog/graph/dijkstra.c
_sortseq<K,I,impl>                 prog/plane/seg_int.c
_d_array<K,I,impl>                 prog/dict/d_array_test.c


A data structure "impl" for a data type has to provide a certain 
set of operations and to use certain virtual functions for type 
dependent operations (cf. manual, section 9). 

Sample header files for implementations of dictionaries, priority_queues, 
and sorted sequences can be found in <LEDA/impl/dic_impl.h>,
<LEDA/impl/prio_impl.h>, <LEDA/impl/seq_impl.h>.



------------------------------------------------------------------------------
LINEAR ODERS
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

There is a new mechanism for deriving differently ordered type variants from
a data type. 

The macro call

         DEFINE_LINEAR_ORDER(T,cmp,T1)  

introduces a new type T1 equivalent to type T with the linear order
defined by the compare function "cmp".


Examples:   prog/basic/order.c
            prog/plane/order.c
  


------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 GENERAL
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

"forall_xyz_items" no longer supported, use "forall_items"  


------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Efficiency
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The efficiency of many data types and algorithms has been improved.

In particular:

sorting  (array::sort, list::sort)

dictionaries, sets, d_arrays, sorted sequences 
(now implemented by randomized search trees)


network algorithms:

matching, minimum spanning tree  (performance improved by a start heuristic)


Macro LEDA_CHECKING_OFF: 
turns off range checking for arrays and  node/edge_arrays
(has to be defined before including LEDA header files)


------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 Graphs
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

new operations:

node G.first_node()         
node G.last_node()
node G.succ_node(node)
node G.pred_node(node)

edge G.first_edge()
edge G.last_edge()
edge G.succ_edge(edge)
edge G.pred_edge(edge)


void G.make_undirected()  inserts all edges (v,w) into the adjacency list of w
                          i.e. both outgoing and incoming edges are traversed
                          by forall_adj_edges

void G.make_directed()    removes all incoming edges from the adjacency lists
              


void graph_edit(window& W, GRAPH<point,int>& G) 


cmdline_graph(graph& G, int argc, char** argv)

        builds a graph according to the command line arguments 
     
        command line:  <prog>        ---> test_graph()
                       <prog> n      ---> complete graph with n nodes
                       <prog> n m    ---> random graph with n nodes and m edges
                       <prog> file   ---> read graph from "file"
     

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
planar_map (PLANAR_MAP)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------


edge  P.split_edge(edge e)
edge  P.split_edge(edge e, vtype x)

      splits edge e and its reversal by introducing a new node u


node  p.new_node(face f)
node  p.new_node(face f, vtype x)

      splits face f into triangles by introducing a new node u
      and connecting it to all nodes of f



node  p.new_node(list<edge> el)
node  p.new_node(list<edge> el, vtype x)

      splits face bounded by the edges in el by introducing a new node u
      and connecting it to all source nodes of edges in el



------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 node_pq<I>
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

I    PQ.inf(node v)               returns information of node v

bool PQ.member(node v)            true if v in PQ false otherwise


------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 STRING
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

additional constructor    

string::string(char c)        creates the one-character string "c"



------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 MEMORY
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

LEDA_MEMORY_WITH_CHECK

A debug version of the LEDA_MEMORY macro (cf. manual, section 7.3), gives
an error message if the same pointer is deleted twice (slow!).


------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Directory Structure
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

a) All implementation header files have been moved to a new header subdirectory
   <LEDA/impl>.

b) There is a new directory "util" containing some utility programs. Currently 
   it contains a ksh variant of the Lman shell script, a program for shortening 
   all file names to 15 characters (required by SCO UNIX/XENIX) and some DOS 
   installation batch files.




+==============================================================================+
|									       |
|                           VERSION 2.2.2 				       |
|                                                                              |
+==============================================================================+

minor changes for use with g++-2.2 and some bugs fixed 


+==============================================================================+
|									       |
|                           VERSION 2.2.1 				       |
|                                                                              |
+==============================================================================+

Some changes made for use with g++-2.1 and libg++-2.0

Some bugs fixed : 

string::operator+ 
matrix::operator=
matrix::triang 
GRAPH::assign
 ...


+==============================================================================+
|									       |
|                           VERSION 2.2.0 				       |
|                                                                              |
+==============================================================================+


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Parameterized data types
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Now, arbitrary data types (not only pointer and simple types) can be used as 
type parameters. This makes data type "real" obsolete (use "double" or "float" 
instead), "real" is no longer included in the header file <LEDA/basic.h> but 
is still available in <LEDA/real.h>.


Rules for type parameters:
--------------------------

1. Build-in types (char,int,long,float,double), pointer types, and LEDA 
   simple types can be used as type parameters.

2. A class type T can be used as type parameter under the following conditions:


   a) The following operations and functions must be defined for T

      a constructor without arguments:  T::T()
      an input operator:                istream& operator>>(istream&,T&)
      an output operator:               ostream& operator<<(ostream&,const T&)
      a compare function:               int compare(const T&, const T&)

   b) The macro call 

                      LEDA_TYPE_PARAMETER(T) 

      must appear before the first use of T as actual type parameter.


   c) If defined, destructor and copy constructor are used for copying and 
      destroying objects.



See "<LEDA>/prog/basic/param.c" for an example and for more informations and 
implementaion details: "S. N\"aher: Parameterized data types in LEDA", in 
preparation.



--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
simple data types 
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Data type "real" is no longer supported (it is still available in <LEDA/real.h>)
All parameters of type real have been replaced by double parameters. When
reading the user manual take "real" as a synonym for "double".



--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
graph
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

read & write overloaded for streams

int  G.read(istream I)     reads compressed representation of G from I
                           returns  ... (see manual)

int  G.read(string file)   reads compressed representation of G from file
                           returns  ... (see manual)

void G.write(ostream O)    writes compressed representation of G to O

void G.write(string file)  writes compressed representation of G to file




--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
graph algorithms
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

bool PLANAR(graph& G)   

                 Planarity test: returns true iff $G$ is planar.
                 If G is planar, it is transformed into a planar map by 
                 rearranging the adjaceny lists
                 precondition:  G is biconnected



int BICONNECTED_COMPONENTS(ugraph& G, edge_array(int)& compnum)

                 computes the biconnected components of the undirected graph G
                 returns the number of biconnected components and in 
                 edge_array(int) compnum for each edge an integer with
                 compnum[x]=compnum[y] iff edge x and y belong to the same 
                 biconnected component and 0 <= compnum[e]<=m-1 for all edges e



--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
window
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------


int  W.get_button()         non-blocking mouse read operation
                            returns number of button (see read_mouse)
                            if a button has been pressed and 0 otherwise

void W.set_frame_label(string label)
                            makes string "label" the window frame label



--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Memory Management:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Macro for making LEDA's memory managment available for user-defined data types

LEDA_MEMORY(type)     defines new & delete operators for "type" allocating and 
                      deallocating memory by LEDA's internal memory manager


Example: class 3d_point 
         { 
           double x,y,z;
         
           public: ...
         
           LEDA_MEMORY(3d_point)
          };




Two functions for returning memory allocated by the LEDA memory manager to 
the system.

void memory_clear()       frees all currently not used memory blocks

void memory_kill()        frees all memory blocks regardless
                          if they are still in use or not




--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
New header files:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

The basic two-dimensional data types point, segment, line, circle, polygon,
and the 2d algorithms can be used separately by including the corresponding 
header files. The stream data types (file_istream, file_ostream, ...) are no 
longer included in <LEDA/basic.h> but are still available in <LEDA/stream.h>



--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Libraries:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

The window library libWx.a (-lWx) or libWs.a (-lWs) now must appear
after the plane library libP.a (-lP) on the compiler/linker command line.

For example:

     CC prog.c -lP -lG -lL -lWx -lxview -lolgx -lX11 -lm

or

     CC prog.c -lP -lG -lL -lWs -lsuntools -lsunwindow -lpixrect -lm







+==============================================================================+
|									       |
|                           VERSION 2.1.1 				       |
|                                                                              |
+==============================================================================+


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
vector/matrix
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1. Assignment (=) and  comparison (==/!=) operators now can be applied to
   vectors/matrices with different dimensions.

2. The default initialization for arrays of vectors/matrices is the
   vector/matrix of dimension 0.

3. Problems with vector/matrix type parameters fixed.



--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
graphics
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------


graph_edit(window W, GRAPH(point,int) G, bool directed = true);

        Graph editor, edges are represented by arrows if directed = true
        and by segments if directed = false
        (declaration in <LEDA/graph_edit.h>)

        see example program "prog/graphics/matching.c" for details.


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
string
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------


string(const char*, ...)               new printf/form - like constructor
                                       e.g.  s = string("x = %5.2f",x);


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
graph algorithms
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------


list(edge) MAX_CARD_MATCHING(graph G) 

                              Maximum cardinality matching for general graphs,
                              implemented by Edmond's Algorithm, returns list
                              of matched edges.
                              (source in  "src/graph_alg/_mc_matching.c")
                
                              (worst-case running time  O(n*m) )
                



+==============================================================================+
|									       |
|                           VERSION 2.1.0 				       |
|                                                                              |
+==============================================================================+


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
        !!!!!!!!!!!!  CHANGES IN HEADER FILES  !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

I. <LEDA/graph.h> 


Header file <LEDA/graph.h> has been split into  


<LEDA/graph.h>            : graph, GRAPH, node_array, edge_array

<LEDA/ugraph.h>           : ugraph, UGRAPH

<LEDA/planar_map.h>       : planar_map, PLANAR_MAP

<LEDA/graph_alg.h>        : graph algorithms + predefined node/edge array types

                            node_array(int)   edge_array(int)
                            node_array(edge)  edge_array(edge)
                            node_array(bool)  edge_array(bool);
                            node_array(real)  edge_array(real)
                            node_matrix(bool)
                            node_matrix(int)
                            node_matrix(real)

<LEDA/node_set.h>         : node_set

<LEDA/edge_set.h>         : edge_set

<LEDA/node_partition.h>   : node_partition

<LEDA/node_pq.h>          : node_pq

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------


II. <LEDA/plane.h> 


Header file <LEDA/plane.h> has been split into  

<LEDA/plane.h>      : basic geometric objects (point,segment, ...) and 
                      predefined types list(point), list(segment), ...

<LEDA/plane_alg.h>  : plane algorithms, predefined type GRAPH(point,point)


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
data type "string"
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
int       s.pos (string s_1, int i ) 
 
                      returns the first position of s_1 in s right of  
                      position i (-1 if no such position exists)  
 

string    s.insert (string s_1, int i ) 
 
                      returns s(0,i-1) + s_1 + s(i+1,s.length())  
                      Precondition:0 <= i <= s.length()-1  
 

string    s.replace (string s_1, string s_2, int i=1 ) 
 
                      returns the string created from s by replacing  
                      the i-th occurence of s_1 in s by s_2  
 

string    s.replace_all (string s_1, string s_2 ) 
 
                      returns the string created from s by replacing  
                      all occurences of s_1 in s by s_2  

 
string    s.replace (int i, int j, string s_1 ) 
 
                      returns the string created from s by replacing  
                      s(i,j) by s_1  
 

string    s.replace (int i, string s_1 ) 
 
                      returns the string created from s by replacing  
                      s[i] by s_1  
 

string    s.del (string s_1, int i=1 ) 
 
                      returns s.replace(s_1,"",i)  
 

string    s.del_all (string s_1 ) 
 
                      returns s.replace_all(s_1,"")  
 

string    s.del (int i, int j ) 
 
                      returns s.replace(i,j,"")  
 

string    s.del (int i ) 
 
                      returns s.replace(i,"")  
 

void      s.read (istream I, char delim = ' ' ) 
 
                      reads characters from input stream I into s  
                      until the first occurence of character delim  
 

void      s.read (char delim = ' ' ) 
 
                      read(cin,delim)  
 

void      s.readline (istream I ) 
 
                      read(I,'\n')  
 

void      s.readline () 
 
                      readline(cin)  



--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
matrix
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Operations   matrix matrix::inv()                O(n^3)
             vector matrix::solve(vector)        O(n^2)
             double matrix::det()                O(n^2)

are now implemented by Gaussian eliminiation.


matrix M.solve(matrix A)    solves  M*x_i = b_i simultaneously for all 
                            columns b_i of A, returns matrix (x_0,...,x_n-1)
                            Preconditions: a) M is quadratic 
                                           b) A.dim2() = M.dim1()


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
list
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

list_item  L[int i]        returns i-th item (nil if i<0 or i>L.length()-1)
                           cost: O(i)



--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
sortseq
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

void      S.split (seq_item it, sortseq& S_1, sortseq& S_2 ) 
 
                      splits S at item it into sequences S_1 and S_2  
                      and makes S empty. More precisely, if  
                      S = x_1,...,x_k-1,it,x_k+1,...,x_n then  
                      S1 = x_1,...,x_k-1,it and S2 = x_k+1,...,x_n  
                      Precondition: it is an item in S.  
 
sortseq&  S.conc (sortseq& S_1 ) 
 
                      appends S_1 to S, makes S_1 empty, and returns S.
                      Precondition: S.key(S.max()) <= S_1.key(S_1.min()).  






--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
graph  G
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

void      G.sort_nodes (node_array(T) A ) 
 
                      the nodes of G are sorted according to the  
                      entries of node_array A (cf. section 5.7)  
                      Precondition: T must be linearly ordered  
 
void      G.sort_edges (edge_array(T) A ) 
 
                      the edges of G are sorted according to the  
                      entries of edge_array A (cf. section 5.7)  
                      Precondition: T must be linearly ordered  



pretty printing:

void      G.print(string s, ostream O)
void      G.print(string s)
void      G.print(ostream O)
void      G.print()

void      G.print_node(node v, ostream O = cout)
void      G.print_edge(edge e, ostream O = cout)




--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
GRAPH(vtype,etype)  G
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

void      G.sort_nodes () 
 
                      the nodes of G are sorted according to their  
                      informations. Precondition: vtype is linearly  
                      ordered.  
 
void      G.sort_edges () 
 
                      the edges of G are sorted according to their  
                      informations. Precondition: etype is linearly  
                      ordered.  

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
node/edge_array
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Creation of a node array (edge array)::

a) ...
b) ...
c) ...

d) node/edge_array(E)  A(graph G, int n, E x)    array for n nodes/edges of G
                                                 Precondition: n >= |V| (|E|)










+==============================================================================+
|									       |
|                           VERSION 2.0.1				       |
|                                                                              |
+==============================================================================+


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
GENERAL
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

forall_items(x,...)    can be used for all kinds of items


Read and Write functions for user defined I/O (cf. User Manual, section 1.5)
must have an additional stream argument: 

                   Read(T&, istream&)

                   defines an input function for reading objects of type T 
                   from an input stream.

                   Write(T&,ostream&)

                   defines an output function for printing objects of type T 
                   to an output stream.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
string (section 2.3)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------


string  s.tail(int i)       returns the last  i characters of s

string  s.head(int i)       returns the first i characters of s



--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
array (section 3.1)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 

void     A.sort (int (*cmp)(E&, E&), int l, int h ) 
 
                      applies the sorting operation to the sub-array  
                      [l..h].  
 
void     A.read (istream I ) 
 
                      reads b-a+1 objects of type E from the input  
                      stream I into the array A using the overloaded  
                      Read function (section 1.5)  
 
void     A.read () 
 
                      Calls A.read(cin) to read A from  
                      the standard input stream cin.  
 
void     A.read (string s ) 
 
                      As above, but uses string s as a prompt.  
 
void     A.print (ostream O, char space = ' ' ) 
 
                      Prints the contents of array A to the output  
                      stream O using the overload Print function  
                      (section 1.5) to print each element. The elements  
                      are separated by the space character space.  
 
void     A.print (char space = ' ' ) 
 
                      Calls A.print(cout, space) to print A on  
                      the standard output stream cout.  
 
void     A.print (string s, char space = ' ' ) 
 
                      As above, but uses string s as a header.  
 



--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
list  (section 3.7)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

 
void     L.read (istream I, char delim = '\n' ) 
 
                      reads a sequence of objects of type E terminated  
                      by the delimiter delim from the input stream I  
                      using the overloaded Read function (section 1.5)  
                      L is made a list of appropriate length and the  
                      sequence is stored in L.  
 
void     L.read (char delim = '\n' ) 
 
                      Calls L.read(cin, delim) to read L from  
                      the standard input stream cin.  
 
void     L.read (string s, char delim = '\n' ) 
 
                      As above, but uses string s as a prompt.  
 
void     L.print (ostream O, char space = ' ' ) 
 
                      Prints the contents of list L to the output  
                      stream O using the overload Print function  
                      (section 1.5) to print each element. The elements  
                      are separated by the space character space.  
 
void     L.print (char space = ' ' ) 
 
                      Calls L.print(cout, space) to print L on  
                      the standard output stream cout.  
 
void     L.print (string s, char space = ' ' ) 
 
                      As above, but uses string s as a header.  
 

 
void     L.write (string fname ) 
 
                      writes G to the file with name fname. The  
                      overloaded functions Print(vtype,ostream)  
                      and Print(etype,ostream) (cf. section 1.6)  
                      are used to write the node and edge entries  
                      of G respectively.  
 
void     L.read (string fname ) 
 
                      reads G from the file with name fname. The  
                      overloaded functions Read(vtype,istream)  
                      and Read(etype,istream) (cf. section 1.6)  
                      are used to read the node and edge entries  
                      of G respectively.  

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
priority_queue  (section 4.1)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Operation del_min has been overloaded

K    del_min()

void del_min(K& k, I& i)

                      removes an item x with minimal information
                      assigns key(x) to k and inf(x) to i.


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
sortseq  (section 4.6)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Operations "succ" and "pred" have been overloaded:

seq_item  S.succ(seq_item x)
seq_item  S.succ(K k)
seq_item  S.pred(seq_item x)
seq_item  S.pred(K k)
 
 

NEW DATA TYPE:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
4.7 Persistent Dictionaries (p_dictionary)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------


1. DEFINITION

The difference between dictionaries (cf. section~4.3) and persistent 
dictionaries lies in the fact that update operations performed 
on a persistent dictionary D do not change D but create and return a 
new dictionary D'. For example, D.del(k) returns the dictionary D' 
containing all items it of D with key(it) != k. 

An instance D of the data type p_dictionary is a set of items (type 
p_dic_item). Every item in D contains a key from a linearly ordered 
data type K, called the key type of D, and an information from a data 
type I, called the information type  of D. The number of items in D 
is called the size of D. A dictionary of size zero is called empty. 
We use <k,i> to denote an item with key k and information 
i (i is said to be the information associated with key k).  For each 
k in K there is at most one item <k,i> in D.
 


2. DECLARATION

declare2(p_dictionary,K,I)

introduces a new data type with name p_dictionary(K,I) consisting of all 
persistent dictionaries with key type K and information type I.
precond K is linearly ordered.
 


3. CREATION

p_dictionary(K,I) D ;

creates an instance D of type p_dictionary(K,I) and initializes D to an 
empty persistent dictionary. 
 


4. OPERATIONS

K         D.key (dic_item it ) 
 
                      returns the key of item it.  
                      Precondition: it in D.  
 
I         D.inf (dic_item it ) 
 
                      returns the information of item it.  
                      Precondition: it in D.  
 
dic_item  D.lookup (K k ) 
 
                      returns the item with key k (nil if  
                      no such item exists in D).  
 
I         D.access (K k ) 
 
                      returns the information associated with key k  
                      Precondition: there is an item with  
                      key k in D.  
 
p_dictionary(K,I) D.del (K k ) 
 
                      returns { x in D | key(x) != k }.  
 
p_dictionary(K,I) D.del_item (dic_item it ) 
 
                      returns { x in D | x != it }.  
 
p_dictionary(K,I) D.insert (K k, I i ) 
 
                      returns D.del(k) cup {<k,i>}.  
 
p_dictionary(K,I) D.change_inf (dic_item it, I i ) 
 
                      Let k = key(it), returns D.del_item(it) cup  
                      {<k,i>}. Precondition: it in D.  
 
p_dictionary(K,I) D.clear () 
 
                      returns an empty persistent dictionary.  
 
bool      D.empty () 
 
                      returns true if D is empty, false otherwise.  
 
int       D.size () 
 
                      returns the size of D.  
 


5. ITERATION

forall_items(i,D) 
{ ``the items of D are successively assigned to i '' }
 


6. IMPLEMENTATION

Persistent Dictionaries are implemented by leaf oriented 
persistent red black trees (cf. [DSST89]).
Operations insert, lookup, del_item, del take time O(log n), key, inf, 
empty, size, change_inf and clear take time O(1). The space requirement 
is O(n). Here n is the number of all created persistent dictionaries (= number 
of all performed update operations). 
 

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
GRAPH    (section 5.4)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 
void      G.write (string fname ) 
 
                      writes G to the file with name fname. The  
                      overloaded functions Print(vtype,ostream)  
                      and Print(etype,ostream) (cf. section 1.6)  
                      are used to write the node and edge entries  
                      of G respectively.  
 
int       G.read (string fname ) 
 
                      reads G from the file with name fname. The  
                      overloaded functions Read(vtype,istream)  
                      and Read(etype,istream) (cf. section 1.6)  
                      are used to read the node and edge entries  
                      of G respectively. Returns error code
                      1  if file fname does not exist
                      2  if graph is not of type GRAPH(vtype,etype)
                      3  if file fname does not contain a graph
                      0  otherwise.
 
 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
PLANE  (section 6.1.6)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------



Function VORONOI  (cf. section 6.1.6) has a new interface:


void VORONOI(list(point), double R, GRAPH(point,point) )

        VORONOI takes as input a list of points  sites and a real number 
        R. It computes a directed graph G representing the planar subdivision
        defined by the Voronoi-diagram of sites where all ``infinite" edges have
        length R. For each node v G.inf(v) is the corresponding Voronoi 
        vertex (point) and for each edge e  G.inf(e) is the site (point) 
        whose Voronoi region is bounded by e. 




--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
point_set  (section 6.3)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
list(ps_item) S.convex_hull () 
 
                      returns the list of items containing  
                      all points of the convex hull of  
                      in clockwise order.  
 





--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
graphic windows  (section 6.7)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Data type gwindow no longer exists, it is replaced by data type window

The data type window provides an interface for the input and 
output of basic two-dimensinal geometric objects (cf. section 5.1) 
using the X11 (xview) or SunView window system.
There are two object code libraries (libWs.a, libWx.a) containing 
implementations for different environments. Application programs using data 
type window have to be linked with one of these libraries (cf. section~1.6):


a) For the SunView window system:

   CC prog.c -lWs -lP -lG -lL -lm  -lsuntool -lsunwindow -lpixrect


b) For the X11 (open windows) window system:

   CC prog.c -lWx -lP -lG -lL -lm  -lxview -lolgx -lX11 



--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Creation of a graphic window
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------


a) window W(int xpix, int ypix, int xpos, int ypos);

b) window W(int xpix, int ypix);

c) window W();

Variant a) creates a window W of physical size xpix times ypix pixels 
with its upper left corner at position (xpos,ypos) on the screen,
variant b) places W into the upper right corner of the screen, and
variant c) creates a 850 times 850 pixel window positioned into the
upper right corner.

All three variants initialize the coordinates of W to x0 = 0,
x1 = 100 and y0 = 0. The init operation (see  below) can later 
be used to change the window coordinates and scaling.



--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Additional operations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 
int       W.read_panel (string h, int n, string* S ) 
 
                      displays a panel with header h and an array S[n]  
                      of n string buttons, returns the index of the selected  
                      button.  

int       W.read_vpanel (string h, int n, string* S ) 
 
                      read_panel with vertical button layout
 
 
int       W.read_int (string p ) 
 
                      displays a panel with prompt p for integer input,  
                      returns the input  
 

real      W.read_real (string p ) 
 
                      displays a panel with prompt p for real input  
                      returns the input  
 

string    W.read_string (string p ) 
 
                      displays a panel with prompt p for string input,  
                      returns the input  
 

        
string    W.read_string (string p, list(string) menu)

                      as above, adds an additional menu button which
                      can be used to select a string from menu.
     
string    W.read_string (string p, string label, list(string) menu)
                      as above, the menu button is labelled with label.




--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
PANELS
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------


Creation:
--------

panel P(string header);

panel P;


Operations:
----------

void P.text_item(string s)

void P.bool_item(string label, bool& x)

void P.real_item(string label, real& x)

void P.color_item(string label, color& x)

void P.int_item(string label, int& x)
void P.int_item(string label, int& x, int min, int max)              // slider
void P.int_item(string label, int& x, int low, int high, int step)   // choice

void P.string_item(string label, string& x)
void P.string_item(string label,string& x,list(string) L)  // menu

void P.choice_item(string label, int& x, list(string) L)
void P.choice_item(string label, int& x, int l, string* L)
void P.choice_item(string label, int& x, string, ... )

void P.button(string label)

void P.new_button_line()
void P.new_button_line(list(string) buttons)


int  P.open()
int  P.open(list(string)& buttons)


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
7. Miscellaneous
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Command input streams (cmd_istream)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

An instance I of the data type cmd_istream is an C++ istream
connected to the output of a shell command cmd, i.e., all input operations 
or operators applied to I read from the standard output of command cmd. 

1. Creation of a command input stream 

cmd_istream   in(string cmd);

creates an instance in of type cmd_istream connected to the output of command cmd.

2. Operations

All operations and operators (>>) defined for C++ istreams can
be applied to command input streams as well.




--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Command output streams (cmd_ostream)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

An instance O of the data type cmd_ostream is an C++ ostream
connected to the input of a shell command cmd, i.e., all output operations 
or operators applied to O write into the standard input of command cmd. 

1. Creation of a command output stream} 

cmd_ostream   out(string cmd);

creates an instance out of type cmd_ostream connected to the input of 
command cmd. 

2. Operations 

All operations and operators (<<) defined for C++ ostreams can
be applied to command output streams as well.


