General Info about Indonesia
Source: CIA World Fact book 1992
Note: Some info (like the VP) is out-of-date
Indonesia Geography
- Total area: 1,919,440 km2
- Land area: 1,826,440 km2
- Comparative area: slightly less than three times the size of Texas
- Land boundaries: 2,602 km; Malaysia 1,782 km, Papua New Guinea 820 km
- Coastline: 54,716 km
- Maritime claims: (measured from claimed archipelagic baselines)
- Exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
- Territorial sea: 12 nm
- Disputes: sovereignty over Timor Timur (East Timor Province) disputed with Portugal
- Climate: tropical; hot, humid; more moderate in highlands
- Terrain: mostly coastal lowlands; larger islands have interior mountains
- Natural resources: crude oil, tin, natural gas liquids, nickel, timber, bauxite, copper, fertile soils, coal, gold, silver
- Land use: arable land 8%; permanent crops 3%; meadows and pastures 7%; forest and woodland 67%; other 15%; includes irrigated 3%
- Environment: archipelago of 13,500 islands (6,000 inhabited); occasional floods, severe droughts, and tsunamis; deforestation
- Note: straddles Equator; strategic location astride or along major sea lanes from Indian Ocean to Pacific Ocean
Indonesia People
- Population: 195,683,531 (July 1992), growth rate 1.7% (1992)
- Birth rate: 25 births/1,000 population (1992)
- Death rate: 8 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
- Net migration rate: 0 migrants/1,000 population (1992)
- Infant mortality rate: 70 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
- Life expectancy at birth: 59 years male, 64 years female (1992)
- Total fertility rate: 2.8 children born/woman (1992)
- Nationality: noun - Indonesian(s); adjective - Indonesian
- Ethnic divisions: majority of Malay stock comprising Javanese 45.0%, Sundanese 14.0%, Madurese 7.5%, coastal Malays 7.5%, other 26.0%
- Religions: Muslim 87%, Protestant 6%, Roman Catholic 3%, Hindu 2%, Buddhist 1%, other 1% (1985)
- Languages: Bahasa Indonesia (modified form of Malay; official); English and Dutch leading foreign languages; local dialects, the most widely spoken of which is Javanese
- Literacy: 77% (male 84%, female 68%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)
- Labor force: 67,000,000; agriculture 55%, manufacturing 10%, construction 4%, transport and communications 3% (1985 est.)
- Organized labor: 3,000,000 members (claimed); about 5% of labor force
Indonesia Government
- Long-form name: Republic of Indonesia
- Type: republic
- Capital: Jakarta
- Administrative divisions: 24 provinces (propinsi-propinsi, singular -
propinsi), 2 special regions* (daerah-daerah istimewa, singular - daerah
istimewa), and 1 special capital city district** (daerah khusus ibukota);
Aceh*, Bali, Bengkulu, Irian Jaya, Jakarta Raya**, Jambi, Jawa Barat, Jawa
Tengah, Jawa Timur, Kalimantan Barat, Kalimantan Selatan, Kalimantan Tengah,
Kalimantan Timur, Lampung, Maluku, Nusa Tenggara Barat, Nusa Tenggara Timur,
Riau, Sulawesi Selatan, Sulawesi Tengah, Sulawesi Tenggara, Sulawesi Utara,
Sumatera Barat, Sumatera Selatan, Sumatera Utara, Timor Timur, Yogyakarta*
- Independence: 17 August 1945 (proclaimed independence; on 27 December
1949, Indonesia became legally independent from the Netherlands)
- Constitution: August 1945, abrogated by Federal Constitution of 1949
and Provisional Constitution of 1950, restored 5 July 1959
- Legal system: based on Roman-Dutch law, substantially modified by
indigenous concepts and by new criminal procedures code; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
- National holiday: Independence Day, 17 August (1945)
- Executive branch: president, vice president, Cabinet
- Legislative branch: unicameral House of Representatives (Dewan
Perwakilan Rakyat or DPR); note - the People's Consultative Assembly
(Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat or MPR) includes the DPR plus 500 indirectly
elected members who meet every five years to elect the president and vice
president and, theoretically, to determine national policy
- Judicial branch: Supreme Court (Mahkamah Agung)
- Leaders: Chief of State and Head of Government:
President Gen. (Ret.) SOEHARTO (since 27 March 1968); Vice President Lt.
Gen. (Ret.) SUDHARMONO (since 11 March 1988)
- Political parties and leaders: GOLKAR (quasi-official party based on functional groups), Lt. Gen. (Ret.)
WAHONO, general chairman; Indonesia Democracy Party (PDI - federation of
former Nationalist and Christian Parties), SOERYADI, chairman; Development
Unity Party (PPP, federation of former Islamic parties), Ismail Hasan
METAREUM, chairman
- Suffrage: universal at age 17 and married persons regardless of age
- Elections: House of Representatives:
last held on 23 April 1987 (next to be held 8 June 1992); results - Golkar
73%, UDP 16%, PDI 11%; seats - (500 total - 400 elected, 100 appointed)
Golkar 299, UDP 61, PDI 40
- Communists: Communist Party (PKI) was officially banned in March 1966; current strength
about 1,000-3,000, with less than 10% engaged in organized activity;
pre-October 1965 hardcore membership about 1.5 million
- Member of: APEC, AsDB, ASEAN, CCC, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-15, G-19, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD,
ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT,
INTERPOL, IOC, ISO, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OIC, OPEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO,
UNIIMOG, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
- Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Abdul Rachman RAMLY; Chancery at 2020 Massachusetts Avenue NW,
Washington, DC 20036; telephone (202) 775-5200; there are Indonesian
Consulates General in Houston, New York, and Los Angeles, and Consulates in
Chicago and San Francisco
- US: Ambassador John C. MONJO; Embassy at Medan Merdeka Selatan 5, Jakarta
(mailing address is APO AP 96520); telephone [62] (21) 360-360; FAX [62]
(21) 360-644; there are US Consulates in Medan and Surabaya
- Flag: two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and white; similar to the flag of
Monaco, which is shorter; also similar to the flag of Poland, which is white
(top) and red
Indonesia Economy
- Overview: Indonesia is a mixed economy with many socialist institutions and central
planning but with a recent emphasis on deregulation and private enterprise.
Indonesia has extensive natural wealth, yet, with a large and rapidly
increasing population, it remains a poor country. GDP growth in 1985-91
averaged about 6%, quite impressive, but not sufficient to both slash
underemployment and absorb the 2.3 million workers annually entering the
labor force. Agriculture, including forestry and fishing, is an important
sector, accounting for 23% of GDP and over 50% of the labor force. The
staple crop is rice. Once the world's largest rice importer, Indonesia is
now nearly self-sufficient. Plantation crops - rubber and palm oil - and
textiles and plywood are being encouraged for both export and job
generation. Industrial output now accounts for 30% of GDP and is based on a
supply of diverse natural resources, including crude oil, natural gas,
timber, metals, and coal. Of these, the oil sector dominates the external
economy, generating more than 20% of the government's revenues and 40% of
export earnings in 1989. However, the economy's growth is highly dependent
on the continuing expansion of nonoil exports. Japan is Indonesia's most
important customer and supplier of aid. In 1991, rapid growth in the money
supply prompted Jakarta to implement a tight monetary policy, forcing the
private sector to go to foreign banks for investment financing. Real
interest rates remained above 10%, off-shore commercial debt grew, and real
GDP growth dropped slightly from the 7% of 1990.
- GDP: exchange rate conversion - $122 billion, per capita $630; real growth rate
6.0% (1991 est.)
- Inflation rate (consumer prices):
10% (1991 est.)
- Unemployment rate:
3%; underemployment 45% (1991 est.)
- Budget:
revenues $17.2 billion; expenditures $23.4 billion, including capital
expenditures of $8.9 billion (FY91)
- Exports:
$25.7 billion (f.o.b., 1990)
- commodities:
petroleum and liquefied natural gas 40%, timber 15%, textiles 7%, rubber 5%,
coffee 3%
- partners:
Japan 40%, US 14%, Singapore 7%, Europe 16% (1990)
- Imports:
$21.8 billion (f.o.b., 1990)
- commodities:
machinery 39%, chemical products 19%, manufactured goods 16%
- partners:
Japan 23%, US 13%, EC, Singapore
- External debt:
$58.5 billion (1990 est.)
- Industrial production:
growth rate 11.6% (1989 est.); accounts for 30% of GDP
- Electricity:
11,600,000 kW capacity; 38,000 million kWh produced, 200 kWh per capita
(1990)
- Industries:
petroleum, textiles, mining, cement, chemical fertilizers, plywood, food,
rubber
- Agriculture:
accounts for 23% of GDP; subsistence food production; small-holder and
plantation production for export; main products are rice, cassava, peanuts,
rubber, cocoa, coffee, palm oil, copra, other tropical products, poultry,
beef, pork, eggs
- Illicit drugs:
illicit producer of cannabis for the international drug trade, but not a
major player; government actively eradicating plantings and prosecuting
traffickers
- Economic aid:
US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $4.4 billion; Western (non-US)
countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $25.9 billion; OPEC
bilateral aid (1979-89), $213 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $175
million
- Currency:
Indonesian rupiah (plural - rupiahs); 1 Indonesian rupiah (Rp) = 100 sen
(sen no longer used)
- Exchange rates:
Indonesian rupiahs (Rp) per US$1 - 1,998.2 (January 1992), 1,950.3 (1991),
1,842.8 (1990), 1,770.1 (1989), 1,685.7 (1988), 1,643.8 (1987)
- Fiscal year:
1 April - 31 March
Indonesia Communications
- Railroads:
6,964 km total; 6,389 km 1.067-meter gauge, 497 km 0.750-meter gauge, 78 km
0.600-meter gauge; 211 km double track; 101 km electrified; all government
owned
- Highways:
119,500 km total; 11,812 km state, 34,180 km provincial, and 73,508 km
district roads
- Inland waterways:
21,579 km total; Sumatra 5,471 km, Java and Madura 820 km, Kalimantan 10,460
km, Celebes 241 km, Irian Jaya 4,587 km
- Pipelines:
crude oil 2,505 km; petroleum products 456 km; natural gas 1,703 km (1989)
- Ports:
Cilacap, Cirebon, Jakarta, Kupang, Palembang, Ujungpandang, Semarang,
Surabaya
- Merchant marine:
387 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,698,946 GRT/2,560,414 DWT; includes
5 short-sea passenger, 13 passenger-cargo, 231 cargo, 8 container, 3
roll-on/roll-off cargo, 3 vehicle carrier, 79 petroleum tanker, 5 chemical
tanker, 6 liquefied gas, 7 specialized tanker, 1 livestock carrier, 25 bulk,
1 passenger
- Civil air:
about 216 commercial transport aircraft
- Airports:
437 total, 410 usable; 114 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways
over 3,659 m; 12 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 64 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
- Telecommunications:
interisland microwave system and HF police net; domestic service fair,
international service good; radiobroadcast coverage good; 763,000 telephones
(1986); broadcast stations - 618 AM, 38 FM, 9 TV; satellite earth stations -
1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT earth station and 1 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT earth
station; and 1 domestic satellite communications system
Indonesia Defense Forces
- Branches:
Army, Navy, Air Force, National Police
- Manpower availability:
males 15-49, 51,906,415; 30,668,815 fit for military service; 2,095,698
reach military age (18) annually
- Defense expenditures:
exchange rate conversion - $1.7 billion, 2% of GNP (FY91)
.