Top row: Days 1-4 of simulation. Bottom row: Days 5-8 of simulation.
For this assignment, you will create a Ruby source file containing a Ruby function(s) implementing each of the problems described below. If you find it useful for any of the problems in this assignment, you may define additional helper functions that your primary function for that problem calls to solve a sub-problem. Definitions for these helper functions should be included in the same Ruby source file as the primary function they help. You should store a source file for each problem in a folder named pa12.
Note: You are responsible for protecting your solutions to these problems from being seen by other students either physically (e.g., by looking over your shoulder) or electronically. (More information can be found in the instructions for Programming Assignment 2.)
In this assignment, you will develop a simple graphical simulation that analyzes how forest fires spread and how forests regrow after fires. Each time step of the simulation represents one day.
On each day, if a tree is on fire, it may turn to ashes. If a tree is ashes, it may turn into a shoot (a baby tree). If a tree is a shoot, it may starting growing. If a tree is growing, it may reach maturity. If a tree is mature and at least one of its neighbors is on fire, it may ignite (i.e., catch on fire itself).
This simulation will show how a small forest, represented by a 17 × 17 matrix of trees, evolves over time.
Here is a sample of what the first eight "days" of the simulation might look like:
Top row: Days 1-4 of simulation. Bottom row: Days 5-8 of simulation.
Each snapshot above is a time step of the simulation shown in a 340 × 340 window (in pixels). Notice that the window is "divided" up into 17 × 17 squares. Each of these 289 squares represents one tree in the simulated forest.
In addition to the display functionality provided by the Canvas module, you will also need to use random number generation in this simulation. Suppose an event occurs with a chance of 20 percent. We can write a function that returns true if the event occurs and false otherwise given that the chance of the event happening is 20%:
def event?()
if (rand(100) < 20) then
return true
else
return false
end
end
Assuming the rand generator is uniform, then this returns true if rand(100) is 0 through 19, and false if rand(100) is 20 through 99. So 20% of the values will cause the function to return true.
More concisely and more generally, for a chance of p percent, where p is between 0 and 100, inclusive:
def event?(p) return (rand(100) < p) endComplete the problems below to build this forest fire simulation in Ruby.
[3 points] Write a function display(forest) (in the file display.rb). The parameter forest is a 17 × 17 matrix representing the 289 trees of the forest for the simuation. Each tree is a cell of the matrix. Each cell has an integer in the range 0 through 4 (inclusive), which encodes the tree's state as follows:
0 on fire 1 in ashes 2 a shoot (i.e. baby tree) 3 growing tree 4 mature tree
Your function should go through the entire matrix and display each "tree" as a square of size 20 pixels × 20 pixels in one of the following colors:
"red" on fire "#202020" in ashes (this is a dark gray) "lightgreen" a shoot "green" growing tree "darkgreen" mature tree
General algorithm:
Test your function using this Ruby function in test_display.rb that creates a matrix of size 17 × 17 and fills each cell with a random integer between 0 and 4:
def test_display()
# seed the random number generator
srand(15110)
# create a canvas of size 340 X 340
Canvas.init(340, 340, "Testing_Display")
# initialize forest matrix randomly
forest = Array.new(17) # 17 rows
for i in 0..16 do
forest[i] = Array.new(17) # create 17 columns for each row
for j in 0..16 do
forest[i][j] = rand(5) # pick a random tree state (0-4) for each tree in forest
end
end
# display the forest using your display function
display(forest)
end
Sample Usage:
>> load "display.rb" => true >> load "test_display.rb" => true >> test_display()
If you seed the random number generator with a different integer, your image will differ.
[3 points] Next, you will write 3 functions to test a specific tree in the forest to see if it changes its state. Complete all of these functions in the file tests.rb.
General algorithm: Test to see if the cell forest[i][j] represents a tree on fire and use the event? function above to see if it returns true given the percentage p. If both of these conditions are true, then return true. Otherwise, return false.
General algorithm: Test to see if the cell forest[i][j] represents a tree that is not on fire and is not mature, and then use the event function above to see if it returns true given the percentage p. If both of these conditions are true, then return true. Otherwise, return false.
General algorithm: Test to see if the cell forest[i][j] represents a tree that is mature, then test to see if at least one of its neighbors is on fire, and then use the event function above to see if it returns true given the percentage p. If both of these conditions are true, then return true. Otherwise, return false.
NOTE: Be careful when you test the neighbors. You might be on the edge of the forest. If you test for a neighbor and you go off of the matrix, you might cause your program to crash. It will help here to look at each neighbor separately rather than trying to evaluate all four neighbors in one statement.
Test your burnout? function using the function in test_burnout.rb which creates a simple small forest of size 3 × 5 and calls the function directly on each cell, printing the results.
def test_burnout()
forest = [ [0, 0, 0, 0, 0], [0, 0, 0, 0, 0], [1, 2, 3, 4, 4] ]
for i in 0..forest.length-1 do
for j in 0..forest[i].length-1 do
print burnout?(forest, i, j, 20), " "
end
print "\n"
end
end
Sample usage:
>> load "tests.rb" => true >> test_burnout() false false true false false false false false false true false false false false false => 0..2The first two rows should each contain, on average, one true value. For the last row, all outputs should be false.
Write two additional test functions to test grows? and ignites?
The basic idea here is that we start with the current forest in the array forest and create a new snapshot of the forest after one time step in an array new_forest. Each cell new_forest[row][column] represents the new status of the cell in the forest from forest[row][column].
General Algorithm:
Test your update function using the run_simulation function in simulation.rb, which creates a random forest and runs the simulation for 100 "days":
def run_simulation()
# seed the random number generator
srand(15110)
# create a canvas of size 340 x 340
Canvas.init(340, 340, "Testing_Display")
# initialize forest matrix randomly
forest = Array.new(17) # 17 rows
for i in 0..16 do
forest[i] = Array.new(17) # create 17 columns for each row
for j in 0..16 do
forest[i][j] = rand(5) # pick a random tree state (0-4)
end
end
display(forest)
100.times {
sleep(0.1)
forest = update(forest)
display(forest)
}
end
Sample usage:
>> load "display.rb" => true >> load "tests.rb" => true >> load "update.rb" => true >> load "simulation.rb" => true >> run_simulation()
Alternatively, you might use the function step_simulation instead of run_simulation; it steps through the simulation day by day, waiting for you to hit enter to advance to the next day, rather than sleeping for a set amount of time. Notice the change in the final loop. This function is also included in simulation.rb.
def step_simulation()
# seed the random number generator
srand(15110)
# create a canvas of size 340 X 340
Canvas.init(340, 340, "Testing_Display")
# initialize forest matrix randomly
forest = Array.new(17) # 17 rows
for i in 0..16 do
forest[i] = Array.new(7) # create 17 columns for each row
for j in 0..16 do
forest[i][j] = rand(5) # pick a random tree state (0-4)
end
end
display(forest)
100.times {
Readline::readline("Press Enter to Continue")
forest = update(forest)
display(forest)
}
end
If you do this part correctly, the first 8 days of your simulation should match the pictures at the beginning of this assignment. You can change the seed for the random number generator later to try out other simulations, and you can change the chances for cool, grow and ignite to see how these effect the simulation once you're done.
You should now have a pa12 directory that contains the required files display.rb, tests.rb, update.rb, and simulation.rb each—in turn—containing the corresponding function(s). You do not have to hand in the testing functions since we will have copies of these. Zip up your directory and upload it using the handin system. (The handin system will accept submissions beginning on Friday until the deadline Tuesday night.