Overview
Everyday, we observe an extraordinary array of light and color phenomena around us,
ranging from the dazzling effects of the atmosphere, the complex appearances of
surfaces and materials, and underwater scenarios. For a long time, artists, scientists,
and photographers have been fascinated by these effects, and have focused their
attention on capturing and understanding these phenomena. In this course, we take
a computational approach to modeling and analyzing these phenomena, which we
collectively call "visual appearance". The first half of the course focuses on
the physical fundamentals of visual appearance, while the second half of the
course focuses on algorithms and applications in a variety of fields such as
computer vision, graphics and remote sensing and technologies such as underwater
and aerial imaging.
This course unifies concepts usually learnt in physical sciences and their application
in imaging sciences. Students attending this course will learn about the fundamental
building blocks that describe visual appearance, and recent academic papers on a variety
of physics-based methods that measure, process, and analyze visual information from the
real world.
List of Topics
- Fundamentals of Appearance
- Principles of Photometry
- Light Fields
- Reflection, Refraction, Polarization, Diffraction, Interference
- Surface Reflection Mechanisms
- Signal Processing framework for Reflection
- Textures and Spatially Varying BRDFs (BTF)
- Lighting and Shadows
- Light Transport
- Caustics
- Scattering and Volumetric Light Transport
- Fluids
- Algorithms and Applications
- Photometric 'Shape-from-X' algorithms
- Image and Vision-based Rendering
- Inverse Rendering
- Understanding and Measuring Light Transport
- Appearances of Transparent, Transluscent, Wet, Woven Surfaces
- Appearances of Atmospheric and Underwater Scattering Effects
- Appearances of Fluids - smoke, fire, water
- Vision in Bad Weather
- Applications in Aerial, Underwater, Medical and Microscopic Imaging
- Principles of Nature Photography
Optional Texts
- Light and Color in the
Outdoors, M. Minnaert.
Grading
- One Project 50%
- Three Paper Presentations 30%
- Reaction Reports 10%
- Class Participation 10%
Class Project
The course project consists of writing a 6-8 page SIGGRAPH paper on a research project of your choosing. Please use the "acmtog" Latex template style found here when preparing your manuscript.
The milestones for this project are the following:
- 1-page introduction section (5%), due February 21st
- 1-page related work section (5%),
due March 6th due March 13th
- 2-page methods section (5%),
due March 27th due April 3rd
- Full paper (25%),
due May 1st due May 7th
- Project presentation (10%), on May 7th (8:30am - 11:30am ET)
Paper sections should be submitted through Canvas.
Milestone #1:
The introduction should be approximately 1 page, and provides a summary of your proposed project.
The introduction should also serve to motivate the project, highlight the key contributions, and identify any potential limitations or challenges associated with this project. Also try to answer Heilmeier Catechism: a set of questions used for evaluating research proposals. These questions include the following:
- What are you trying to do? Articulate your objectives using absolutely no jargon.
- How is it done today, and what are the limits of current practice?
- What is new in your approach and why do you think it will be successful?
- Who cares? If you are successful, what difference will it make?
- What are the risks?
- How much will it cost?
- How long will it take?
- What are the exams to check for success?
Milestone #2:
Identify 10-15 papers as related work. Categorize and discuss the main idea behind each of these works. Explain how your idea is either different from these past works, or how your idea builds upon them.
Milestone #3:
The technical section associated with your project should be approximately 2 pages, and explain some of the technical details on your project (e.g., image formation models, key equations). This should have multiple subsections to organize ideas, and each subsection should start with a sentence that explains the conclusions of that section (i.e., what is going to be shown). Include figures to help illustrate the ideas behind your work.
Reaction Reports
Several lectures throughout the semester will focus on paper presentations.
In order to encourage in-class discussion of these papers, it is expected that
everyone read through the papers and write a reaction report for one of the papers
being discussed that day.
The reaction report is due before lecture and should include the following:
- Summarize (in 1 paragraph) ONE main contribution or
limitation of the work, and explain why it is important
- Describe (in 1 paragraph) ONE idea of yours that can
be used to extend this work, and expand on the idea as much as
possible.
An example of a good reaction report can be found here.
Reaction reports should be submitted before class through Canvas.
Lecture Presentations
[Acknowledgements]
A significant part of this course is similar to the courses offered at
Stanford (Pat Hanrahan, Marc Levoy, Ron Fediw), UC San Diego (Henrik Wann
Jensen), Columbia (Shree Nayar, Peter Belhumeur, Ravi Ramamoorthi), UW
Madison (Chuck Dyer), UWash (Steve Seitz), Utah (Pete Shirley), Rutgers
(Kristin Dana), Cornell (Steve Marschner, Kavita Bala), Technion (Yoav
Schechner), Princeton (Szymon Rusinkiewicz), MIT (Ted Adelson), Drexel (Ko
Nishino), TU Berlin and Deutsch Telecom (Rahul Swaminathan). These slides
were largely put together in previous offerings of the course by Srinivasa Narasimhan.
The instructor thanks the instructors of these courses for the materials (slides,
content) used in this course. In addition, several photographs and
illustrations are borrowed from internet sources. The instructor thanks
them all.
[Permission to use/modify materials]
The instructor gladly gives permission to use and modify any of the
slides for academic and research purposes. Since a lot of the material is
borrowed from other sources, please acknowledge the original sources too.
Finally, since this is a continuously evolving course, all suggestions
and corrections (major, minor) are welcome!
Computer Graphics/Vision Paper Archives
Relevant Papers
Topic I: photometry, BRDF
- Example-Based Photometric Stereo: Shape Reconstruction with General, Varying BRDFs, 2005
- Helmholtz Stereopsis: Exploiting Reciprocity for Surface Reconstruction, 2002
- Specularity Removal in Images and Videos: A PDE Approach, 2006
- Color Subspaces as Photometric Invariants, 2008
- Projection Defocus Analysis for Scene Capture and Image Display, 2006
- A Coaxial Optical Scanner for Synchronous Acquisition of 3D Geometry and Surface Reflectance, 2010
- Principles of Appearance Acquisition and Representation, 2009
- A Basis Illumination Approach to BRDF Measurement, 2010
- Time-varying Surface Appearance: Acquisition, Modeling, and Rendering, 2006
- Generalization of the Lambertian Model and Implications for Machine Vision, 1994
- Surface Reflection: Physical and Geometrical Perspectives, 1989
- A Perception-based Color Space for Illumination-invariant Image Processing, 2008
- Microgeometry Capture using an Elastomeric Sensor, 2011
- A New Perspective on Material Classification and Ink Identification, 2014
- A Dictionary-based Approach for Estimating Shape and Spatially-Varying Reflectance, 2015
- Printing Spatially-Varying Reflectance for Reproducing HDR Images, 2012
- Fabricating BRDFs at High Spatial Resolution Using Wave Optics, 2013
- Light-Efficient Photography, 2011
- A Digital Gigapixel Large-Format Tile-Scan Camera, 2011
Topic II: signal processing, light field, lighting, shadows
- A Signal-Processing Framework for Inverse Rendering, 2001
- Estimating Natural Illumination from a Single Outdoor Image, 2011
- Non-photorealistic Camera: Depth Edge Detection and Stylized Rendering Using Multi-flash Imaging, 2004
- Digital Photography with Flash and No-Flash Image Pairs, 2004
- Multiplexing for Optimal Lighting, 2007
- Light Field Transfer: Global Illumination Between Real and Synthetic Objects, 2008
- Light Field Microscopy, 2006
- Synthetic Aperture Confocal Imaging, 2004
- Light Field Rendering, 1996
- Light Field Analysis for Modeling Image Formation, 2011
- Light field photography with a hand-held plenoptic camera, 2005
- Dappled Photography: Mask Enhanced Cameras for Heterodyned Light Fields and Coded Aperture Refocusing, 2007
- Analytic PCA construction for theoretical analysis of lighting variability in images of a Lambertian object, 2002
- From Few to Many: Illumination Cone Models for Face Recognition under Variable lighting and Pose, 2001
- Webcam Clip Art: Appearance and Illuminant Transfer from Time-lapse Sequences, 2009
- The Bas-Relief Ambiguity, 1999
- What is the Set of Images of an Object Under All Possible Lighting Conditions?, 1998
- Light Fall-off Stereo, 2007
- Coplanar Shadowgrams for Acquiring Visual Hulls of Intricate Objects, 2007
- Compressive Light Field Photography, 2013
Topic III: light transport
- Fast Separation of Direct and Global Components of a Scene using High Frequency Illumination, 2006
- Shape from Interreflections, 1990
- Dual Photography, 2005
- Optical Computing for Fast Light Transport Analysis, 2010
- A Theory of Inverse Light Transport, 2005
- A Combined Theory of Defocused Illumination and Global Light Transport, 2011
- Shape from Second-bounce of Light Transport, 2010
- Programmable Automotive Headlights, 2014
- A Practical Approach to 3D Scanning in the Presence of Interreflections, Subsurface Scattering and Defocus, 2012
- Compressive Light Transport Sensing, 2009
Topic IV: light transport
- Homogeneous Codes for Energy-Efficient Illumination and Imaging, 2015
- Micron-scale Light Transport Decomposition Using Interferometry, 2015
- Interreflection Removal Using Fluorescence, 2014
- A Dual Theory of Inverse and Forward Light Transport, 2010
- Recovering ThreeDimensional Shape around a Corner using Ultra-Fast Time-of-Flight Imaging, 2012
- A Practical Analytic Model for the Radiosity of Translucent Scenes, 2013
- Frequency-Space Decomposition and Acquisition of Light Transport under Spatially Varying Illumination, 20112
- Temporal Frequency Probing for 5D Transient Analysis of Global Light Transport, 2014
- Primal-Dual Coding to Probe Light Transport, 2012
- Frequency Analysis of Transient Light Transport with Applications in Bare Sensor Imaging, 2012
- 3D Shape and Indirect Appearance by Structured Light Transport, 2014
Topic V: (mirror) reflection and refraction
- A Theory of Refractive and Specular 3D Shape by Light-Path Triangulation, 2008
- State of the Art in Transparent and Specular Object Reconstruction, 2008
- Fluorescent Immersion Range Scanning, 2008
- A Multi-layered Display with Water Drops, 2010
- Reflection Removal using Ghosting Cues, 2015
- What a single light ray reveals about a transparent object? 2015
- Depth from Optical Turbulence, 2012
- STELLA MARIS: Stellar Marine Refractive Imaging Sensor, 2014
- Triangulation in Random Refractive Distortions, 2013
- Refraction wiggles for measuring fluid depth and velocity from video, 2014
- Image invariants for smooth reflective surfaces, 2010
- Specular surface reconstruction from sparse reflection correspondences, 2012
- Angular Domain Reconstruction of Dynamic 3D Fluid Surfaces, 2012
- Seeing through Water: Image Restoration using Model-based Tracking, 2009
Topic VI: polarization, scattering
- Polarization-Based Vision through Haze, 2003
- Separation of transparent layers using focus, 2000
- Acquiring Scattering Properties of Participating Media by Dilution, 2006
- Structured Light in Scattering Media, 2005
- Vision in Bad Weather, 1999
- DISCO - Acquisition of Translucent Objects, 2004
- Clear underwater vision, 2004
- What Do the Sun and Sky Tell Us About the Camera? 2010
- 3Deflicker from Motion, 2013
- Self-Calibrating Imaging Polarimetry, 2015
- Polarized 3D: High-Quality Depth Sensing With Polarization Cues, 2015
- Single image haze removal using dark channel prior, 2009
- On the Appearance of Translucent Edges, 2015
- Airborne Three-Dimensional Cloud Tomography, 2015
- Recovering Inner Slices of Translucent Objects by Multi-frequency Illumination, 2015
- Surface Normal Deconvolution: Photometric Stereo for Optically Thick Translucent Objects, 2014
- Shape from Single Scattering for Translucent Objects, 2012
- Compressive Structured Light for Recovering Inhomogeneous Participating Media, 2008