BitValue Inference: Detecting and Exploiting Narrow Bitwidth Computations

@inproceedings{mahim-asplos06,
  title = {Tartan: Evaluating Spatial Computation for Whole Program
     Execution},
  author = {Mishra, Mahim and Callahan, Timothy J and Chelcea, Tiberiu
     and Venkataramani, Girish and Budiu, Mihai and Goldstein, Seth
     Copen},
  booktitle = {12th ACM International Conference on Architecture
     Support for Programming Languages and Operating Systems
     (ASPLOS)},
  year = {2006},
  pages = {163--174},
  address = {San Jose, CA},
  month = {Oct},
  abstract = {Spatial Computing (SC) has been shown to be an
     energy-efficient model for implementing program kernels. In this
     paper we explore the feasibility of using SC for more than small
     kernels. To this end, we evaluate the performance and energy
     efficiency of entire applications on Tartan, a general-purpose
     architecture which integrates a reconfigurable fabric (RF) with a
     superscalar core. Our compiler automatically partitions and
     compiles an application into an instruction stream for the core
     and a configuration for the RF. We use a detailed simulator to
     capture both timing and energy numbers for all parts of the
     system. \par Our results indicate that a hierarchical RF
     architecture, designed around a scalable interconnect, is
     instrumental in harnessing the benefits of spatial computation.
     The interconnect uses static configuration and routing at the
     lower levels and a packet-switched, dynamically-routed network at
     the top level. Tartan is most energy-efficient when almost all of
     the application is mapped to the RF, indicating the need for the
     RF to support most general-purpose programming constructs. Our
     initial investigation reveals that such a system can provide, on
     average, an order of magnitude improvement in energy-delay
     compared to an aggressive superscalar core on single-threaded
     workloads.},
  keywords = {Asychronous Circuits, Spatial Computing, Reconfigurable
     Computing,Phoenix, Tartan},
  url = {http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~seth/papers/mahim-asplos06.pdf},
}

@inproceedings{goldstein04-ersa04,
  author = {Goldstein, Seth Copen},
  title = {Computing Without Processors},
  booktitle = {International Conference on Engineering of
     Reconfigurable Systems and Algorithms (ERSA'04)},
  abstract = {The continuation of the remarkable exponential increases
     in processing power over the recent past faces imminent
     challenges due in part rising cost of design and manufacturing
     and the physics of deep-submicron semiconductor devices. In this
     talk we will discuss a promising alternative to ever more complex
     processors, application specific hardware (ASH). The ASH model is
     based on compiling high-level programs directly into circuits,
     which can either be fabricated as ASICs or more reasonably
     converted in configurations for reconfigurable devices. We will
     discuss the challenges involved in compiling sequential
     programming languages into circuits and the challenges in
     implementing those circuits in a scalable and power efficient
     manner.},
  address = {Las Vegas, NV},
  month = {Jun},
  year = {2004},
  pages = {29--32},
  keywords = {Reconfigurable Computing, Electronic Nanotechnology,
     Fault and Defect Tolerance},
}

@incollection{mishra-nqmc04,
  title = {Defect Tolerance at the End of the Roadmap},
  booktitle = {Nano, Quantum and Molecular Computing: Implications to
     High Level Design and Validation},
  author = {Mishra, Mahim and Goldstein, Seth Copen},
  year = {2004},
  editor = {Sandeep K. Shukla and R. Iris Bahar},
  publisher = {Kluwer Academic Publishers},
  isbn = {1-4020-80670},
  keywords = {Electronic Nanotechnology,Fault and Defect
     Tolerance,Reconfigurable Computing,Phoenix,molecular
     electronics},
}

@inproceedings{budiu-async04,
  title = {Translating ANSI C to Asynchronous Circuits},
  url = {http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~seth/papers/budiu-async04.pdf},
  booktitle = {10th IEEE International Symposium on Asynchronous
     Circuits and Systems (ASYNC '04)},
  author = {Budiu, Mihai and Venkataramani, Girish and Chelcea,
     Tiberiu and Goldstein, Seth Copen},
  address = {Crete, Greece},
  year = {2004},
  month = {Apr},
  keywords = {Asychronous Circuits,CAD,Electronic Nanotechnology,Fault
     and Defect Tolerance,Phoenix,Reconfigurable Computing,Spatial
     Computing},
}

@inproceedings{mishra-itsw03,
  author = {Mishra, Mahim and Goldstein, Seth Copen},
  title = {Defect Tolerance After the Roadmap},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 10th International Test Synthesis
     Workshop (ITSW)},
  month = {Mar},
  year = {2003},
  address = {Santa Barbara, {CA}},
  keywords = {Spatial Computing, Reconfigurable Computing,Phoenix,
     Fault and Defect Tolerance},
  url = {http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~seth/papers/mishra-itsw03.pdf},
}

@inproceedings{mishra-itc03,
  author = {Mishra, Mahim and Goldstein, Seth Copen},
  title = {Defect Tolerance at the End of the Roadmap},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the International Test Conference
     ({ITC}), 2003},
  month = {Sep},
  year = {2003},
  address = {Charlotte, {NC}},
  url = {http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~seth/papers/mishra-itc03.pdf},
  abstract = {Defect tolerance will become more important as feature
     sizes shrink closer to single digit nanometer dimensions. This is
     true whether the chips are manufactured using top-down methods
     (e.g., photolithography) or bottom-up methods (e.g., chemically
     assembled electronic nanotechnology, or CAEN). In this paper, we
     propose a defect tolerance methodology centered around
     reconfigurable devices, a scalable testing method, and dynamic
     place-and-route. Our methodology is particularly well suited for
     CAEN.},
  keywords = {Spatial Computing, Reconfigurable
     Computing,Phoenix,Fault and Defect Tolerance},
}

@incollection{goldstein-mn03,
  title = {Molecules, Gates, Circuits, Computer},
  url = {http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~seth/papers/goldstein-mn03.pdf},
  booktitle = {Molecular Nanoelectronics},
  author = {Goldstein, Seth Copen and Budiu, Mihai},
  year = {2003},
  editor = {Mark A. Reed and Takhee Lee},
  publisher = {American Scientific Publishers},
  address = {Stevenson Ranch, CA},
  month = {Jan},
  isbn = {1-588883-006-3},
  keywords = {Asychronous Circuits,CAD,Electronic Nanotechnology,Fault
     and Defect Tolerance,Reconfigurable Computing,Spatial
     Computing,electronic nanotechnology,molecular electronics},
}

@inproceedings{budiu-cgo03,
  title = {Optimizing Memory Accesses For Spatial Computation},
  author = {Budiu, Mihai and Goldstein, Seth Copen},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 1st International ACM/IEEE Symposium
     on Code Generation and Optimization (CGO 03)},
  year = {2003},
  address = {San Francisco, CA},
  month = {Mar},
  pages = {216-227},
  url = {http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~seth/papers/budiu-cgo03.pdf},
  keywords = {Spatial Computing, Reconfigurable
     Computing,Phoenix,Compilers:Memory Optimizations},
}

@inproceedings{goldstein-asap03,
  title = {Reconfigurable Computing and Electronic Nanotechnology},
  author = {Goldstein, Seth Copen and Budiu, Mihai and Mishra, Mahim
     and Venkataramani, Girish},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the {IEEE} 14th International Conference
     on Application-specific Systems, Architectures and Processors
     ({ASAP} 2003)},
  year = {2003},
  address = {The Hague, Netherlands},
  month = {Jun},
  note = {Invited paper},
  pages = {132-143},
  abstract = {In this paper we examine the opportunities brought about
     by recent progress in electronic nanotechnology and describe the
     methods needed to harness them for building a new computer
     architecture. In this process we decompose some traditional
     abstractions, such as the transistor, into fine-grain pieces,
     such as signal restoration and input-output isolation. We also
     show how we can forgo the extreme reliability of CMOS circuits
     for low-cost chemical self-assembly at the expense of large
     manufacturing defect densities. We discuss advanced testing
     methods which can be used to recover perfect functionality from
     unreliable parts. We proceed to show how the molecular switch,
     the regularity of the circuits created by self-assembly and the
     high defect densities logically require the use of reconfigurable
     hardware as a basic building block for hardware design. We then
     capitalize on the convergence of compilation and hardware
     synthesis (which takes place when programming reconfigurable
     hardware) to propose the complete elimination of the
     instruction-set architecture from the system architecture, and
     the synthesis of asynchronous dataflow machines directly from
     high-level programming languages, such as C. We discuss in some
     detail a scalable compilation system that perform this task.},
  keywords = {Reconfigurable Computing, Electronic Nanotechnology},
  url = {http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~seth/papers/goldstein-asap03.pdf},
}

@inproceedings{goldstein-hldvt03,
  title = {Reconfigurable Nanoelectronics and Defect Tolerance},
  author = {Goldstein, Seth Copen},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of High-level design, verification, and
     test},
  year = {2003},
  keywords = {Reconfigurable Computing, Electronic Nanotechnology,
     Fault and Defect Tolerance},
}

@inproceedings{venkataramani-fpl02,
  title = {Factors Influencing the Performance of a CPU-RFU Hybrid
     Architecture},
  author = {Venkataramani, Girish and Sudhir, Suraj and Budiu, Mihai
     and Goldstein, Seth Copen},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on
     Field Programmable Logic and Applications (FPL)},
  year = {2002},
  address = {Montpellier (La Grande-Motte), France},
  month = {Sep},
  url = {http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~seth/papers/venkataramani-fpl02.pdf},
  abstract = {Closely coupling a reconfigurable fabric with a
     conventional processor has been shown to successfully improve the
     system performance. However, today s superscalar pro-cessors are
     both complex and adept at extracting Instruction Level
     Parallelism (ILP), which introduces many complex issues to the
     design of a hybrid CPU-RFU system. This paper examines the design
     of a superscalar processor augmented with a closely-coupled
     recon-figurable fabric. It identifies architectural and compiler
     issues that affect the performance of the overall system.
     Previous efforts at combining a processor core with a
     reconfigurable fabric are examined in the light of these issues.
     We also present simulation results that emphasize the impact of
     these factors.},
  pages = {955-965},
  isbn = {3-540-44108-5},
  publisher = {Springer-Verlag},
  keywords = {Spatial Computing,Reconfigurable Computing,Phoenix},
}

@inproceedings{yan-fccm02,
  author = {Yan, Rong and Goldstein, Seth Copen},
  title = {Memory: Improving Memory Locality in Very Large
     Reconfigurable Fabrics},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of 2002 IEEE Symposium on
     Field-Programmable Custom Computing Machines (FCCM)},
  year = {2002},
  address = {Napa Valley, CA},
  month = {Apr},
  url = {http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~seth/papers/yan-fccm02.pdf},
  keywords = {Reconfigurable Computing},
}

@inproceedings{butts-iccad02,
  title = {Molecular electronics: devices, systems and tools for
     gigagate,gigabit chips},
  url = {http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~seth/papers/butts-iccad02.pdf},
  doi = {http://doi.ieeecomputersociety.org/10.1109/ICCAD.2002.1167569},
  booktitle = {International Conference on Computer-Aided Design (
     ICCAD '02)},
  author = {Butts, Michael and DeHon, Andre and Goldstein, Seth
     Copen},
  abstract = {New electronics technologies are emerging which may
     carry us beyond the limits of lithographic processing down to
     molecular-scale feature sizes. Devices and interconnects can be
     made from a variety of molecules and materials including bistable
     and switchable organic molecules, carbon nanotubes, and,
     single-crystal semiconductor nanowires. They can be
     self-assembled into organized structures and attached onto
     lithographic substrates. This tutorial reviews emerging
     molecular-scale electronics technology for CAD and system
     designers and highlights where ICCAD research can help support
     this technology.},
  address = {San Jose, CA},
  year = {2002},
  pages = {433-440},
  note = {invited tutorial at},
  month = {Nov},
  keywords = {Electronic Nanotechnology,Reconfigurable
     Computing,molecular electronics},
}

@inproceedings{budiu-fccm02,
  author = {Budiu, Mihai and Mishra, Mahim and Bharambe, Ashwin and
     Goldstein, Seth Copen},
  title = {Peer-to-peer Hardware-Software Interfaces for
     Reconfigurable Fabrics},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of 2002 IEEE Symposium on
     Field-Programmable Custom Computing Machines (FCCM)},
  year = {2002},
  month = {Apr},
  pages = {57-66},
  address = {Napa Valley, CA},
  abstract = {In this paper we describe a peer-to-peer interface
     between processor cores and reconfigurable fabrics. The main
     advantage of the peer-to-peer model is that it greatly expands
     the scope of application for reconfigurable computing and hence
     its potential benefits. The primary extension in our model is
     that ``code'' on the reconfigurable hardware unit is allowed to
     invoke routines both on the reconfigurable unit itself and on the
     fixed logic processor. We describe the software constructs and
     compilation mechanisms needed for such an architecture, including
     a detailed description of the interface between the two parts of
     the application.},
  url = {http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~seth/papers/budiu-fccm02.pdf},
  keywords = {Reconfigurable Computing},
}

@techreport{budiu-tr02,
  author = {Budiu, Mihai and Goldstein, Seth Copen},
  title = {Pegasus: An Efficient Intermediate Representation},
  institution = {Carnegie Mellon University},
  year = {2002},
  number = {CMU-CS-02-107},
  month = {May},
  url = {http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~seth/papers/budiu-tr02.pdf},
  pages = {20},
  abstract = {We present Pegasus, a compact and expressive
     intermediate representation for imperative languages. The
     representation is suitable for target architectures supporting
     predicated execution and aggressive speculation. In Pegasus
     information about the global dataflow of the program is encoded
     in local structures, enabling compact and efficient algorithms
     for program optimizations. As a proof of the versatility of
     Pegasus, we have used it in a compiler translating C programs to
     hardware implementations.},
  keywords = {Spatial Computing, Reconfigurable Computing,Phoenix},
}

@inproceedings{mishra_goldstein_nsc1,
  author = {Mishra, Mahim and Goldstein, Seth Copen},
  title = {Scalable Defect Tolerance for Molecular Electronics},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Non-Silicon
     Computing (NSC-1)},
  address = {{Cambridge, MA}},
  year = {2002},
  url = {http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~seth/papers/mishra_goldstein_nsc1.pdf},
  abstract = {Chemically assembled electronic nanotechnology (CAEN) is
     a promising alternative to CMOS-based computing. However,
     CAEN-based circuits are expected to have huge defect densities.
     To solve this problem CAEN can be used to build reconfigurable
     fabrics which, assuming the defects can be found, are inherently
     defect tolerant. In this paper, we propose a scalable testing
     methodology for finding defects in reconfigurable devices.},
  keywords = {Reconfigurable Computing, Phoenix,Fault and Defect
     Tolerance},
}

@inproceedings{sudhir-fpl01,
  author = {Sudhir, Suraj and Nath, Suman and Goldstein, Seth Copen},
  title = {Configuration Caching and Swapping},
  year = {2001},
  booktitle = {11th International Conference on Field Programmable
     Logic and Applications},
  address = {Belfast, Northern Ireland},
  month = {Aug},
  keywords = {Reconfigurable Computing},
  url = {http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~seth/papers/sudhir-fpl01.pdf},
}

@inproceedings{goldstein-wvlsi01,
  title = {Electronic Nanotechnology and Reconfigurable Computing},
  url = {http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~seth/papers/goldstein-wvlsi01.pdf},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the IEEE Computer Society Workshop VLSI
     2001},
  author = {Goldstein, Seth Copen},
  year = {2001},
  pages = {10},
  month = {Apr},
  keywords = {Electronic Nanotechnology,Fault and Defect
     Tolerance,Reconfigurable Computing},
}

@inproceedings{cadambi-fpl01,
  title = {Static Profile-driven Compilation for FPGAs},
  url = {http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~seth/papers/cadambi-fpl01.pdf},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on
     Field-Programmable Logic and Applications},
  author = {Cadambi, Srihari and Goldstein, Seth Copen},
  address = {Belfast, Northern Ireland},
  year = {2001},
  month = {Aug},
  keywords = {CAD,Reconfigurable Computing},
}

@inproceedings{goldstein-isca01,
  author = {Goldstein, Seth Copen and Budiu, Mihai},
  title = {{NanoFabrics}: Spatial Computing Using Molecular
     Electronics},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 28th International Symposium on
     Computer Architecture (ISCA)},
  month = {Jul},
  address = {{G\"{o}teborg, Sweden}},
  year = {2001},
  pages = {178--189},
  abstract = {The continuation of the remarkable exponential increases
     in processing power over the recent past faces imminent
     challenges due in part to the physics of deep-submicron CMOS
     devices and the costs of both chip masks and future fabrication
     plants. A promising solution to these problems is offered by an
     alternative to CMOS-based computing, chemically assembled
     electronic nanotechnology (CAEN). In this paper we outline how
     CAEN based computing can become a reality. We briefly describe
     recent work in CAEN and how CAEN will affect computer
     architecture. We show how the inherently reconfigurable natures
     of CAEN devices can be exploited to provide high-density chips
     with defect tolerance which will significantly reduce the cost of
     manufacturing. After developing the basic building blocks of a
     CAEN based computing devices we present some preliminary results
     which indicate that CAEN based computing devices can meet or
     exceed the performance of CMOS based devices.},
  url = {http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~seth/papers/goldstein-isca01.pdf},
  keywords = {Spatial Computing, Reconfigurable Computing,Phoenix,
     Electronic Nanotechnology},
}

@techreport{budiu-tr00,
  title = {BitValue Inference: Detecting and Exploiting Narrow
     Bitwidth Computations},
  url = {http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~seth/papers/budiu-tr00.pdf},
  booktitle = {CMU CS Technical Report, CMU-CS-00-141},
  author = {Budiu, Mihai and Goldstein, Seth Copen},
  institution = {Carnegie Mellon University},
  year = {2000},
  month = {Jun},
  see = {budiu-europar00},
  keywords = {CAD,Compilers:CASH,Reconfigurable Computing},
}

@inproceedings{walker-fccm00,
  author = {Walker, Kevin and Budiu, Mihai and Goldstein, Seth Copen},
  title = {Interfacing Reconfigurable Logic with a {CPU}},
  booktitle = {2000 IEEE Symposium on Field-Programmable Custom
     Computing Machines},
  pages = {317--318},
  year = {2000},
  url = {http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~seth/papers/walker-fccm00.pdf},
  abstract = {Reconfigurable computing devices have achieved
     substantial performance improvements over conventional processors
     on some computational kernels. These benefits derive from
     hardware customization which avoids the mismatch between the
     basic requirements of the algorithms and the architectures of the
     processors. A reconfigurable fabric alone is not sufficient for
     general-purpose computing since it can be ill-suited to executing
     entire programs due to space limitations, dataflow-centricity,
     and inefficiency at implementing some operations (e.g.
     floating-point arithmetic). These observations have led to the
     appearance of numerous designs which place some form of
     reconfigurable logic under the control of a general-purpose
     processor. The authors explore the ways in which a reconfigurable
     fabric can be interfaced with a general-purpose processor. While
     off-chip reconfigurable fabrics have proven to be quite effective
     at performing streaming, data-intensive computations, they
     require large streams of data to overcome the latency between the
     devices. We explore the design space for an on-chip fabric, i.e.,
     a reconfigurable function unit (RFU). An RFU allows smaller
     portions of application to be mapped to the fabric in the form of
     custom instructions. Though the speedups achieved for stream
     based computations will in general be much larger than those for
     custom instructions, they are limited to a smaller class of
     applications. Custom instructions, however, can be found in a
     larger class of programs, and compiler techniques can
     automatically create them.},
  keywords = {Reconfigurable Computing},
}

@inproceedings{goldstein-asplos00,
  title = {NanoFabrics: Extending Moore's Law Beyond the CMOS Era},
  url = {http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~seth/papers/goldstein-asplos00.pdf},
  booktitle = {The 10th International Conference on Architectural
     Support for Programming Languages and Operating Systems. (ASPLOS
     'IX)},
  author = {Goldstein, Seth Copen},
  address = {Cambridge, MA},
  year = {2000},
  month = {Nov},
  keywords = {Electronic Nanotechnology,Fault and Defect
     Tolerance,Molecular Electronics,Reconfigurable Computing},
}

@incollection{schmit-fpcct00,
  title = {Pipeline Reconfigurable FPGAs},
  url = {http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~seth/papers/schmit-fpcct00.pdf},
  booktitle = {Field-Programmable Custom Computing Technology:
     Architecture, Tools, and Applications},
  author = {Schmit, Herman and Goldstein, Seth Copen and Cadambi,
     Srihari and Moe, Matthew},
  year = {2000},
  editor = {Arnold, Jeffrey and Luk, Wayne and Pocek, Ken},
  publisher = {Kluwer Academic Publishers},
  isbn = {0-7923-7803-2},
  keywords = {PipeRench,Reconfigurable Computing},
}

@article{schmit-jvlsi00,
  author = {Schmit, Herman and Cadambi, Srihari and Moe, Matthew and
     Goldstein, Seth Copen},
  title = {Pipeline Reconfigurable FPGAs},
  journal = {Journal of VLSI Signal Processing Systems},
  volume = {33},
  month = {Apr},
  year = {2000},
  pages = {70-77},
  abstract = {While reconfigurable computing promises to deliver
     incomparable performance, it is still a marginal technology due
     to the high cost of developing and upgrading applications.
     Hardware virtualization can be used to significantly reduce both
     these costs. In this paper we describe the benefits of hardware
     virtualization, and show how it can be achieved using the
     technique of pipeline reconfiguration. The result is PipeRench,
     an architecture that supports robust compilation and provides
     forward compatibility. Our preliminary performance analysis on
     PipeRench predicts that it will outperform commercial FPGAs and
     DSPs in both overall performance and in performance normalized
     for silicon area over a broad range of problem sizes.},
  number = {4},
  url = {http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~seth/papers/schmit-jvlsi00.pdf},
  doi = {},
  also = {chapter in Field-Programmable Custom Computing Technology:
     Architecture, Tools, and Applications},
  keywords = {PipeRench,Reconfigurable Computing},
}

@inproceedings{sinha-fccm00,
  title = {Tunable Fault Tolerance for Runtime Reconfigurable
     Architectures},
  url = {http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~seth/papers/sinha-fccm00.pdf},
  booktitle = {8th IEEE Symposium on Field-Programmable Custom
     Computing Machines (FCCM 2000)},
  author = {Sinha, Steven K. and Kamarchik, Peter M. and Goldstein,
     Seth Copen},
  abstract = {Fault tolerance is becoming an increasingly important
     issue, especially in mission-critical applications where data
     integrity is a paramount concern. Performance, however, remains a
     large driving force in the market place. Runtime reconfigurable
     hardware architectures have the power to balance fault tolerance
     with performance, allowing the amount of fault tolerance to be
     tuned at run-time. This paper describes a new built-in self-test
     designed to run on, and take advantage of, runtime reconfigurable
     architectures using the PipeRench architecture as a model. In
     addition, this paper introduces a new metric by which a user can
     set the desired fault tolerance of a runtime reconfigurable
     device},
  doi = {10.1109/FPGA.2000.903405},
  year = {2000},
  pages = {185-192},
  isbn = {0-7695-0871-5},
  address = {Napa Valley, CA},
  month = {Apr},
  keywords = {Fault And Defect Tolerance,PipeRench,Reconfigurable
     Computing},
}

@inproceedings{budiu-europar00,
  title = {{BitValue} Inference: Detecting and Exploiting Narrow
     Bitwidth Computations},
  author = {Budiu, Mihai and Sakr, Majd and Walker, Kevin and
     Goldstein, Seth Copen},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2000 Europar Conference},
  year = {2000},
  volume = {1900},
  pages = {969--979},
  month = {Aug},
  issn = {0302-9743},
  series = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science},
  publisher = {Springer Verlag},
  address = {Munich, Germany},
  url = {http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~seth/papers/budiu-europar00.pdf},
  also = {CMU CS Technical Report, CMU-CS-00-141, October 2000.},
  abstract = {We present a compiler algorithm called BitValue, which
     can discover both unused and constant bits in dusty-deck C
     programs. BitValue uses forward and backward dataflow analyses,
     generalizing constant-folding and dead-code detection at the
     bit-level. This algorithm enables compiler optimizations which
     target special processor architectures for computing on
     non-standard bitwidths. Using this algorithm we show that up to
     31\% of the computed bytes are thrown away (for programs from
     SpecINT95 and Mediabench). A compiler for reconfigurable hardware
     uses this algorithm to achieve substantial reductions (up to
     20-fold) in the size of the synthesized circuits.},
  keywords = {Spatial Computing,Reconfigurable
     Computing,Phoenix,PipeRench,CAD},
}

@article{goldstein-ieee00,
  author = {Goldstein, Seth Copen and Schmit, Herman and Budiu, Mihai
     and Cadambi, Srihari and Moe, Matthew and Taylor, R. Reed},
  title = {{PipeRench}: A Reconfigurable Architecture and Compiler},
  journal = {IEEE Computer},
  year = {2000},
  volume = {33},
  number = {4},
  month = {Apr},
  pages = {70--77},
  url = {http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~seth/papers/goldstein-ieee00.pdf},
  abstract = {With the proliferation of highly specialized embedded
     computer systems has come a diversification of workloads for
     computing devices. General-purpose processors are struggling to
     efficiently meet these applications' disparate needs, and custom
     hardware is rarely feasible. According to the authors,
     reconfigurable computing, which combines the flexibility of
     general-purpose processors with the efficiency of custom
     hardware, can provide the alternative. PipeRench and its
     associated compiler comprise the authors' new architecture for
     reconfigurable computing. Combined with a traditional digital
     signal processor, microcontroller or general-purpose processor,
     PipeRench can support a system's various computing needs without
     requiring custom hardware. The authors describe the PipeRench
     architecture and how it solves some of the pre-existing problems
     with FPGA architectures, such as logic granularity, configuration
     time, forward compatibility, hard constraints and compilation
     time.},
  keywords = {Reconfigurable Computing,PipeRench},
}

@inproceedings{reed-ches99,
  author = {Taylor, R. Reed and Goldstein, Seth Copen},
  title = {A High-Performance Flexible Architecture for Cryptography},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the Workshop on Cryptographic Hardware
     and Embedded Systems 1999 (CHES99)},
  address = {Worcester, MA},
  year = {1999},
  pages = {231-245},
  month = {Aug},
  abstract = {Cryptographic algorithms are more efficiently
     implemented in custom hardware than in software running on
     general-purpose processors. However, systems which use hardware
     implementations have significant drawbacks: they are unable to
     respond to flaws discovered in the implemented algorithm or to
     changes in standards. In this paper we show how reconfigurable
     computing offers high performance yet flexible solutions for
     cryptographic algorithms. We focus on PipeRench, a reconfigurable
     fabric that supports implementations which can yield better than
     custom-hardware performance and yet maintains all the flexibility
     of software based systems. PipeRench is a pipelined
     reconfigurable fabric which virtualizes hardware, enabling large
     circuits to be run on limited physical hardware. We present
     implementations for Crypton, IDEA, RC6, and Twofish on PipeRench
     and an extension of PipeRench, PipeRench+. We also describe how
     various proposed AES algorithms could be implemented on
     PipeRench. PipeRench achieves speedups of between 2x and 12x over
     conventional processors.},
  url = {http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~seth/papers/reed-ches99.pdf},
  keywords = {PipeRench,Reconfigurable Computing},
}

@inproceedings{cadambi-fccm99,
  title = {CPR: A Configuration Profiling Tool},
  url = {http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~seth/papers/cadambi-fccm99.pdf},
  booktitle = {7th Annual IEEE Symposium on Field-Programmable Custom
     Computing Machines (FCCM '99)},
  author = {Cadambi, Srihari and Goldstein, Seth Copen},
  year = {1999},
  pages = {104},
  address = {Napa Valley, CA},
  month = {Apr},
  keywords = {CAD,Reconfigurable Computing,Place And Route},
}

@inproceedings{budiu-fpga99,
  author = {Budiu, Mihai and Goldstein, Seth Copen},
  title = {Fast Compilation for Pipelined Reconfigurable Fabrics},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 1999 ACM/SIGDA Seventh International
     Symposium on Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGA '99)},
  month = {Feb},
  year = {1999},
  pages = {195-205},
  url = {http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~seth/papers/budiu-fpga99.pdf},
  abstract = {In this paper we describe a compiler which quickly
     synthesizes high quality pipelined datapaths for pipelined
     reconfigurable devices. The compiler uses the same internal
     representation to perform synthesis, module generation,
     optimization, and place and route. The core of the compiler is a
     linear time place and route algorithm more than two orders of
     magnitude faster than traditional CAD tools. The key behind our
     approach is that we never backtrack, rip-up, or re-route.
     Instead, the graph representing the computation is preprocessed
     to guarantee routability by inserting lazy noops. The
     preprocessing steps provides enough information to make a greedy
     strategy feasible. The compilation speed is approximately 3000
     bit-operations/second (on a PII/400Mhz) for a wide range of
     applications. The hardware utilization averages 60\% on the
     target device, PipeRench.},
  keywords = {Reconfigurable Computing,PipeRench,Place and Route},
}

@inproceedings{goldstein-isca99,
  author = {Goldstein, Seth Copen and Schmit, Herman and Moe, Matthew
     and Budiu, Mihai and Cadambi, Srihari and Taylor, R. Reed and
     Laufer, Ronald},
  title = {{PipeRench}: a Coprocessor for Streaming Multimedia
     Acceleration},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 26th International Symposium on
     Computer Architecture (ISCA)},
  month = {May},
  year = {1999},
  url = {http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~seth/papers/goldstein-isca99.pdf},
  pages = {28--39},
  abstract = {Future computing workloads will emphasize an
     architecture's ability to perform relatively simple calculations
     on massive quantities of mixed-width data. This paper describes a
     novel reconfigurable fabric architecture, PipeRench, optimized to
     accelerate these types of computations. PipeRench enables fast,
     robust compilers, supports forward compatibility, and virtualizes
     configurations, thus removing the fixed size constraint present
     in other fabrics. For the first time we explore how the bit-width
     of processing elements affects performance and show how the
     PipeRench architecture has been optimized to balance the needs of
     the compiler against the realities of silicon. Finally, we
     demonstrate extreme performance speedup on certain computing
     kernels (up to 190x versus a modern RISC processor), and analyze
     how this acceleration translates to application speedup.},
  address = {Atlanta, GA},
  keywords = {Reconfigurable Computing,PipeRench},
}

@inproceedings{moe-fccm98,
  author = {Moe, Matthew and Schmit, Herman and Goldstein, Seth
     Copen},
  title = {{Characterization and Parameterization of a Pipeline
     Reconfigurable {FGPA}}},
  booktitle = {6th Annual IEEE Symposium on Field-Programmable Custom
     Computing Machines (FCCM '98)},
  month = {Apr},
  address = {Napa, CA},
  year = {1998},
  pages = {294--295},
  note = {poster session 3},
  keywords = {PipeRench, Reconfigurable Computing},
  url = {http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~seth/papers/moe-fccm98.pdf},
}

@inproceedings{cadambi-fpga98,
  author = {Cadambi, Srihari and Weener, J. and Goldstein, Seth Copen
     and Schmit, Herman and Thomas, Donald E},
  title = {{Managing pipeline-reconfigurable FPGAs}},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 1998 ACM/SIGDA Sixth International
     Symposium on Field Programmable Gate Arrays},
  year = {1998},
  month = {Feb},
  pages = {55--64},
  address = {Monterey, CA},
  abstract = {While reconfigurable computing promises to deliver
     incomparable performance, it is still a marginal technology due
     to the high cost of developing and upgrading applications.
     Hardware virtualization can be used to significantly reduce both
     these costs. In this paper we describe the benefits of hardware
     virtualization, and show how it can be acheived using a
     combination of pipeline reconfiguration and run-time scheduling
     of both configuration streams and data streams. The result is
     PipeRench, an architecture that supports robust compilation and
     provides forward compatibility. Our preliminary performance
     analysis predicts that PipeRench will outperform commercial FPGAs
     and DSPs in both overall performance and in performance per
     mm$^2$.},
  keywords = {PipeRench, Reconfigurable Computing},
  url = {http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~seth/papers/cadambi-fpga98.pdf},
}

@inproceedings{venkataramani-codes08,
  author = {Venkataramani, Girish and Goldstein, Seth Copen},
  booktitle = {IEEE/ACM/IFIP International Conference on
     Hardware/Software Codesign and System Synthesis {(CODES-ISSS)}},
  year = {2008},
  address = {Atlanta, GE},
  month = {Oct},
  keywords = {Asychronous Circuits, CAD, Global Critical Path},
  title = {Slack Analysis in the System Design Loop},
  talk = {http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~seth/papers/talk-venkataramani-codes08.pdf},
  pages = {231--236},
}

@inproceedings{chelcea-async07,
  author = {Chelcea, Tiberiu and Venkataramani, Girish and Goldstein,
     Seth Copen},
  title = {Area Optimizations for Dual-Rail Circuits Using
     Relative-Timing Analysis},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 13th IEEE International Symposium on
     Asynchronous Circuits and Systems},
  year = {2007},
  address = {Berkeley, CA},
  month = {Mar},
  pages = {117--128},
  abstract = {Future deep sub-micron technologies will be
     characterized by large parametric variations, which could make
     asynchronous design an attractive solution for use on large
     scale. However, the investment in asynchronous CAD tools does not
     approach that in synchronous ones. Even when asynchronous tools
     leverage existing synchronous toolflows, they introduce large
     area and speed overheads. This paper proposes several heuristic
     and optimal algorithms, based on timing interval analysis, for
     improving existing asynchronous CAD solutions by optimizing area.
     The optimized circuits are 2.4 times smaller for an optimal
     algorithm and 1.8 times smaller for a heuristic one than the
     existing solutions. The optimized circuits are also shown to be
     resilient to large parametric variations, yielding better
     average-case latencies than their synchronous counterparts.},
  url = {http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~seth/papers/chelcea-async07.pdf},
  keywords = {Asychronous Circuits, CAD},
}

@inproceedings{dac07-gcp,
  author = {Venkataramani, Girish and Budiu, Mihai and Chelcea,
     Tiberiu and Goldstein, Seth Copen},
  title = {Global Critical Path: A Tool for System-Level Timing
     Analysis},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 44th ACM/IEEE Design Automation
     Conference},
  year = {2007},
  month = {Jun},
  address = {San Diego, CA},
  pages = {783--786},
  abstract = {An effective method for focusing optimization effort on
     the most important parts of a design is to examine those elements
     on the critical path. Traditionally, the critical path is defined
     at the RTL level, as the longest path in the combinational logic
     between clocked reisters. In this paper, we present a
     system-level timing analysis technique to define the concept of a
     Global Critical Path (GCP), for predicting system-level
     performance. We show how the GCP can be used as a theoretical and
     practical tool for understanding, summarizing and optimizing the
     behavior of highly concurrent self-timed circuits. We formally
     define the GCP and show how it can be constructed using a
     discrete event model and hardware profiling techniques. The GCP
     provides valuable insight into the control-path behavior of
     circuits and in finding system-level bottlenecks. We have
     incorporated the GCP construction and analysis framework into a
     high-level synthesis and simulation toolchain, thus enabling
     complete automation in modeling, analysis and optimization.},
  url = {http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~seth/papers/dac07-gcp.pdf},
  keywords = {Asychronous Circuits, CAD, Global Critical Path, System
     modeling, Hardware profiling},
}

@inproceedings{venkataramani-iccad07,
  author = {Venkataramani, Girish and Goldstein, Seth Copen},
  title = {Operation Chaining Asynchronous Pipelined Circuits},
  booktitle = {ICCAD},
  abstract = {We define operation chaining (op-chaining) as an
     optimization problem to determine the optimal pipeline depth for
     balancing performance against energy demands in pipelined
     asynchronous designs. Since there are no clock period
     requirements, asynchronous pipeline stages can have non-uniform
     latencies. We exploit this fact to coalesce several stages
     together thereby saving power and area due to the elimination of
     control-path resources from the pipeline. The trade-off is
     potentially reduced pipeline parallelism. 
In this paper, we
     formally define this optimization as a graph covering problem,
     which finds sub-graphs that will be synthesized as an opchained
     pipeline stage. We then define the solution space for provably
     correct solutions and present an algorithm to efficiently search
     this space. The search technique partitions the graph based on
     post-dominator relationships to find sub-graphs that are
     potential op-chain candidates. We use knowledge of the Global
     Critical Path (GCP) [13] to evaluate the performance impact of
     accepting a candidate sub-graph and formulate a heuristic cost
     function to model this trade-off. The algorithm has a
     quadratic-time complexity in the size of the dataflow graph. We
     have implemented this algorithm within an automated asynchronous
     synthesis toolchain [12]. Experimental evidence from applying the
     algorithm on several media processing kernels reveals that the
     average energy-delay and energy-delay-area products improve by
     about 1.4x and 1.8x respectively, with a maximum improvement of
     5x and 18x.},
  month = {Nov},
  year = {2007},
  url = {http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~seth/papers/venkataramani-iccad07.pdf},
  keywords = {Asychronous Circuits, CAD, Global Critical Path},
}

@inproceedings{venkataramani-iccad06,
  title = {Leveraging Protocol Knowledge in Slack Matching},
  author = {Venkataramani, Girish and Goldstein, Seth Copen},
  booktitle = {IEEE/ACM International Conference on Computer-Aided
     Design (ICCAD)},
  year = {2006},
  address = {San Jose, CA},
  month = {Nov},
  abstract = {{Stalls, due to mis-matches in communication rates, are
     a major performance obstacle in pipelined circuits. If the rate
     of data production is faster than the rate of consumption, the
     resulting design performs slower than when the communication rate
     is matched. This can be remedied by inserting pipeline buffers
     (to temporarily hold data), allowing the producer to proceed if
     the consumer is not ready to accept data. The problem of deciding
     which channels need these buffers (and how many) for an arbitrary
     communication profile is called the slack matching problem; the
     optimal solution to this problem has been shown to be
     NP-complete. \par In this paper, we present a heuristic that uses
     knowledge of the communication protocol to explicitly model these
     bottlenecks, and an iterative algorithm to progressively remove
     these bottlenecks by inserting buffers. We apply this algorithm
     to asynchronous circuits, and show that it naturally handles
     large designs with arbitrarily cyclic and acyclic topologies,
     which exhibit various types of control choice. The heuristic is
     efficient, achieving linear time complexity in practice, and
     produces solutions that (a) achieve up to 60\% performance
     speedup on large media processing kernels, and (b) can either be
     verified to be optimal, or the approximation margin can be
     bounded. }},
  keywords = {Asychronous Circuits, Spatial Computing, CAD, Global
     Critical Path},
  url = {http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~seth/papers/venkataramani-iccad06.pdf},
}

@techreport{venkataramani-tr06,
  author = {Venkataramani, Girish and Chelcea, Tiberiu and Budiu,
     Mihai and Goldstein, Seth Copen},
  title = {Modeling the Global Critical Path in Concurrent Systems},
  institution = {Carnegie Mellon University},
  year = {2006},
  number = {CMU-CS-06-144},
  month = {Aug},
  abstract = {We show how the global critical path can be used as a
     practical tool for understanding, optimizing and summarizing the
     behavior of highly concurrent self-timed circuits. Traditionally,
     critical path analysis has been applied to DAGs, and thus was
     constrained to combinatorial sub-circuits. We formally define the
     global critical path (GCP) and show how it can be constructed
     using only local information that is automatically derived
     directly from the circuit. We introduce a form of Production
     Rules, which can accurately determine the GCP for a given input
     vector, even for modules which exhibit choice and early
     termination. \par The GCP provides valuable insight into the
     control behavior of the application, which help in formulating
     new optimizations and re-formulating existing ones to use the GCP
     knowledge. We have constructed a fully automated framework for
     GCP detection and analysis, and have incorporated this framework
     into a high-level synthesis tool-chain. We demonstrate the
     effectiveness of the GCP framework by re-formulating two
     traditional CAD optimizations to use the GCP, yielding efficient
     algorithms which improve circuit power (by up to 9\%) and
     performance (by up to 60\%) in our experiments.},
  keywords = {Asychronous Circuits, Spatial Computing,CAD, Global
     Critical Path},
  url = {http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~seth/papers/venkataramani-tr06.pdf},
}

@inproceedings{venkataramani-isss05,
  title = {SOMA: A Tool for Synthesizing and Optimizing Memory
     Accesses in ASICs},
  author = {Venkataramani, Girish and Bjerregaard, Tobias and Chelcea,
     Tiberiu and Goldstein, Seth Copen},
  booktitle = {IEEE/ACM/IFIP International Conference on
     Hardware/Software Codesign and System Synthesis (CODES-ISSS)},
  year = {2005},
  isbn = {1-59593-161-9},
  pages = {231-236},
  address = {Jersey City, NJ, USA},
  month = {Sep},
  abstract = {Arbitrary memory dependencies and variable latency
     memory systems are major obstacles to the synthesis of
     large-scale ASIC systems in high-level synthesis. This paper
     presents SOMA, a synthesis framework for constructing Memory
     Access Network (MAN) architectures that inherently enforce memory
     consistency in the presence of dynamic memory access
     dependencies. A fundamental bottleneck in any such network is
     arbitrating between concurrent accesses to a shared memory
     resource. To alleviate this bottleneck, SOMA uses an
     application-specific concurrency analysis technique to predict
     the dynamic memory parallelism profile of the application. This
     is then used to customize the MAN architecture. Depending on the
     parallelism profile, the MAN may be optimized for latency,
     throughput or both. The optimized MAN is automatically
     synthesized into gate-level structural Verilog using a flexible
     library of network building blocks. SOMA has been successfully
     integrated into an automated C-to-hardware synthesis flow, which
     generates standard cell circuits from unrestricted ANSI-C
     programs. Post-layout experiments demonstrate that application
     specific MAN construction significantly improves power and
     performance.},
  keywords = {Asychronous Circuits, Spatial Computing,Phoenix,
     CAD,Compilers:Memory Optimizations},
  url = {http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~seth/papers/venkataramani-isss05.pdf},
}

@inproceedings{budiu-async04,
  title = {Translating ANSI C to Asynchronous Circuits},
  url = {http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~seth/papers/budiu-async04.pdf},
  booktitle = {10th IEEE International Symposium on Asynchronous
     Circuits and Systems (ASYNC '04)},
  author = {Budiu, Mihai and Venkataramani, Girish and Chelcea,
     Tiberiu and Goldstein, Seth Copen},
  address = {Crete, Greece},
  year = {2004},
  month = {Apr},
  keywords = {Asychronous Circuits,CAD,Electronic Nanotechnology,Fault
     and Defect Tolerance,Phoenix,Reconfigurable Computing,Spatial
     Computing},
}

@inproceedings{venkataramani-iwls04,
  title = {{C} to Asynchronous Dataflow Circuits: An End-to-End
     Toolflow},
  author = {Venkataramani, Girish and Budiu, Mihai and Chelcea,
     Tiberiu and Goldstein, Seth Copen},
  booktitle = {IEEE 13th International Workshop on Logic Synthesis
     (IWLS)},
  address = {Temecula, CA},
  month = {Jun},
  year = {2004},
  url = {http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~seth/papers/venkataramani-iwls04.pdf},
  abstract = {We present a complete toolflow that translates ANSI-C
     programs into asynchronous circuits. The toolflow is built around
     a compiler that converts C into a functional dataflow
     intermediate representation, exposing instruction-level, pipeline
     and memory parallelism. The compiler performs optimizations and
     converts the intermediate representation into pipelined
     asynchronous circuits, with no centralized controllers. In the
     resulting circuits, control is distributed, communication is
     achieved through local wires, and arbitration for datapath
     resources is unnecessary. Circuits automatically synthesized from
     Mediabench kernels exhibit substantially better energy-delay than
     either single-issue processors or aggressive superscalar cores.},
  keywords = {Asychronous Circuits,Spatial Computing,Phoenix,CAD},
}

@incollection{goldstein-mn03,
  title = {Molecules, Gates, Circuits, Computer},
  url = {http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~seth/papers/goldstein-mn03.pdf},
  booktitle = {Molecular Nanoelectronics},
  author = {Goldstein, Seth Copen and Budiu, Mihai},
  year = {2003},
  editor = {Mark A. Reed and Takhee Lee},
  publisher = {American Scientific Publishers},
  address = {Stevenson Ranch, CA},
  month = {Jan},
  isbn = {1-588883-006-3},
  keywords = {Asychronous Circuits,CAD,Electronic Nanotechnology,Fault
     and Defect Tolerance,Reconfigurable Computing,Spatial
     Computing,electronic nanotechnology,molecular electronics},
}

@inproceedings{goldstein-foresight01,
  author = {Goldstein, Seth Copen and Ellenbogen, James and Almassiam,
     David and Brown, Matt and Cannarsa, Mark and Klein, Jesse and
     Schell, Schuyler and Washburn, Geoff and Ziegler, Matthew M},
  title = {MolSpice: Designing Molecular Logic Circuits},
  booktitle = {Ninth Foresight Conference on Molecular
     Nanotechnology},
  url = {http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~seth/papers/goldstein-foresight01.pdf},
  year = {2001},
  month = {Nov},
  address = {Santa Clara, CA},
  keywords = {Electronic Nanotechnology, Molecular Electronics, CAD},
}

@inproceedings{cadambi-fpl01,
  title = {Static Profile-driven Compilation for FPGAs},
  url = {http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~seth/papers/cadambi-fpl01.pdf},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on
     Field-Programmable Logic and Applications},
  author = {Cadambi, Srihari and Goldstein, Seth Copen},
  address = {Belfast, Northern Ireland},
  year = {2001},
  month = {Aug},
  keywords = {CAD,Reconfigurable Computing},
}

@techreport{budiu-tr00,
  title = {BitValue Inference: Detecting and Exploiting Narrow
     Bitwidth Computations},
  url = {http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~seth/papers/budiu-tr00.pdf},
  booktitle = {CMU CS Technical Report, CMU-CS-00-141},
  author = {Budiu, Mihai and Goldstein, Seth Copen},
  institution = {Carnegie Mellon University},
  year = {2000},
  month = {Jun},
  see = {budiu-europar00},
  keywords = {CAD,Compilers:CASH,Reconfigurable Computing},
}

@inproceedings{cadambi-iccd00,
  title = {Efficient Place and Route for Pipeline Reconfigurable
     Architectures},
  url = {http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~seth/papers/cadambi-iccd00.pdf},
  booktitle = {ICCD '00},
  author = {Cadambi, Srihari and Goldstein, Seth Copen},
  address = {Austin, TX},
  year = {2000},
  month = {Sep},
  keywords = {CAD,Place and Route},
}

@inproceedings{budiu-europar00,
  title = {{BitValue} Inference: Detecting and Exploiting Narrow
     Bitwidth Computations},
  author = {Budiu, Mihai and Sakr, Majd and Walker, Kevin and
     Goldstein, Seth Copen},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2000 Europar Conference},
  year = {2000},
  volume = {1900},
  pages = {969--979},
  month = {Aug},
  issn = {0302-9743},
  series = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science},
  publisher = {Springer Verlag},
  address = {Munich, Germany},
  url = {http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~seth/papers/budiu-europar00.pdf},
  also = {CMU CS Technical Report, CMU-CS-00-141, October 2000.},
  abstract = {We present a compiler algorithm called BitValue, which
     can discover both unused and constant bits in dusty-deck C
     programs. BitValue uses forward and backward dataflow analyses,
     generalizing constant-folding and dead-code detection at the
     bit-level. This algorithm enables compiler optimizations which
     target special processor architectures for computing on
     non-standard bitwidths. Using this algorithm we show that up to
     31\% of the computed bytes are thrown away (for programs from
     SpecINT95 and Mediabench). A compiler for reconfigurable hardware
     uses this algorithm to achieve substantial reductions (up to
     20-fold) in the size of the synthesized circuits.},
  keywords = {Spatial Computing,Reconfigurable
     Computing,Phoenix,PipeRench,CAD},
}

@inproceedings{cadambi-fccm99,
  title = {CPR: A Configuration Profiling Tool},
  url = {http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~seth/papers/cadambi-fccm99.pdf},
  booktitle = {7th Annual IEEE Symposium on Field-Programmable Custom
     Computing Machines (FCCM '99)},
  author = {Cadambi, Srihari and Goldstein, Seth Copen},
  year = {1999},
  pages = {104},
  address = {Napa Valley, CA},
  month = {Apr},
  keywords = {CAD,Reconfigurable Computing,Place And Route},
}

@inproceedings{budiu-fpl02,
  author = {Budiu, Mihai and Goldstein, Seth Copen},
  title = {Compiling Application-Specific Hardware},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on
     Field Programmable Logic and Applications},
  year = {2002},
  address = {Montpellier (La Grande-Motte), France},
  month = {Sep},
  pages = {853--863},
  url = {http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~seth/papers/budiu-fpl02.pdf},
  abstract = {In this paper we describe ASH, an architectural
     framework for implementing Application-Specific Hardware. ASH is
     based on automatic hardware synthesis from high-level languages.
     The generated circuits use only localized computation structures;
     in consequence, we expect these circuits to be fast, to use
     little power and to scale well with program complexity. \par We
     present in detail CASH, a scalable compiler framework for ASH,
     which generates hardware from programs written in C. Our compiler
     exploits instruction level parallelism by using aggressive
     speculation and dynamic scheduling. Based on this compilation
     scheme, we evaluate the computational resources necessary for
     implementing complex integer-based programs, and we suggest
     architectural features that would support the ASH framework.},
  keywords = {Spatial Computing,Phoenix,Compilers:CASH},
}

@techreport{budiu-tr00,
  title = {BitValue Inference: Detecting and Exploiting Narrow
     Bitwidth Computations},
  url = {http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~seth/papers/budiu-tr00.pdf},
  booktitle = {CMU CS Technical Report, CMU-CS-00-141},
  author = {Budiu, Mihai and Goldstein, Seth Copen},
  institution = {Carnegie Mellon University},
  year = {2000},
  month = {Jun},
  see = {budiu-europar00},
  keywords = {CAD,Compilers:CASH,Reconfigurable Computing},
}