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Hydrophobic effect

Cold water is highly structured, with many hydrogen bonds, which are the reason for the high heat of vaporization and low density. The interaction fo hydrophobic side chains with water is unfavorable. Therefore, they will interact with each other rather than water, and exclude water as much as possible, forming a hydrophobic core, with the hydrophilic side chains facing the outside. However, since the backbone is hydrophilic, a hydrophobic core is not entirely "oil-like", and many polar side chains are included and make contacts to the backbone, in addition to backbone-backbone contacts. Similarly, the surface of a protein is not entirely polar or charged either, about half the residues on the surface of a protein are non-polar.